Pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration with phytotherapy

Although currently available drugs are useful in controlling early onset complications of diabetes, serious late onset complications appear in a large number of patients. Considering the physiopathology of diabetes, preventing beta cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets will be essential approaches for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The current review focused on phytochemicals, the antidiabetic effect of which has been proved by pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration. Among the hundreds of plants that have been investigated for diabetes, a small fraction has shown the regenerative property and was described in this paper. Processes of pancreatic beta cell degeneration and regeneration were described. Also, the proposed mechanisms for the protective/regenerative effects of such phytochemicals and their potential side effects were discussed

Acute and chronic effects of aqueous ammonia on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus (Forsskål 1775)

Ammonia is a metabolite of aquatic organisms which might reach deleterious levels in intensive fish farms. The aim of the present study was to determine median lethal concentrations (96-h LC50) of total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N) on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) and chronic effects of TA-N on survival, growth and behaviour of juvenile rabbitfish over a 50 day period. In the first experiment, fish were exposed to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 mg L-1 TA-N for 96 h and survival evaluated. In the second experiment, 12 fish were stocked per 50-L tank and treated with one of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L-1 TA-N with three replicate tanks per treatment. Survival and growth were determined and histopathological alterations of gills due to chronic ammonia exposure were studied by light and electron microscopy. The 96-h LC50 values were 16-18 mg L-1 TA-N. 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