The “tragic” story of the conquest in books and printed papers of men of letters in the independent provinces of New Granada, 1811-1821

Este artículo estudia las producciones literarias de los hombres de letras en las provincias independientes de la Nueva Granada entre 1811-1821. Se muestra cómo durante ese período, al tiempo que se producían los procesos de emancipación y posteriormente la fundación de la República, esos actores sociales (sacerdotes, impresores, abogados y gentes de letras) empezaron a participar de manera crítica en la vieja discusión y polémica sobre la presencia de España en América desde el siglo XVI. Ello dio como resultado la aparición de varias versiones sobre el pasado y de la escritura de la historia referida a la conquista del territorio americano en la que se destacaban “los trescientos años de vejaciones”, la “opresión”, la “tiranía” y las “conductas inocuas de los españoles”. Escritura que respondía al compromiso asumido por los letrados de justificar la independencia y más tarde la República de Colombia. Lo que ponía así en evidencia la relación siempre existente de las narrativas y usos del pasado con los contextos políticos de una sociedad.This article studies the literary productions of the men of letters in the independent provinces of New Granada between 1811-1821. The aim is to show how these social actors (priests, printers, lawyers and literary people) began to participate critically in the old discussion during that period, at the same time as the emancipation processes and later the founding of the Republic. And controversy about the presence of Spain in America since the sixteenth century. This resulted in the appearance of several versions on the past and the writing of the history referred to the conquest of the American territory in which “the three hundred years of vexations”, “oppression”, “tyranny” and “Innocuous conduct of the Spaniards.” Writing that responded to the commitment assumed by lawyers to justify independence and later the Republic of Colombia. This made evident the ever-existing relationship of the narratives and uses of the past with the political contexts of a society

Gateway Modeling and Simulation Plan

This plan institutes direction across the Gateway Program and the Element Projects to ensure that Cross Program M&S are produced in a manner that (1) generate the artifacts required for NASA-STD-7009 compliance, (2) ensures interoperability of M&S exchanged and integrated across the program and, (3) drives integrated development efforts to provide cross-domain integrated simulation of the Gateway elements, space environment, and operational scenarios. This direction is flowed down via contractual enforcement to prime contractors and includes both the GMS requirements specified in this plan and the NASASTD- 7009 derived requirements necessary for compliance. Grounding principles for management of Gateway Models and Simulations (M&S) are derived from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) report and the Diaz team report, A Renewed Commitment to Excellence. As an outcome of these reports, and in response to Action 4 of the Diaz team report, the NASA Standard for Models and Simulations, NASA-STD-7009 was developed. The standard establishes M&S requirements for development and use activities to ensure proper capture and communication of M&S pedigree and credibility information to Gateway program decision makers. Through the course of the Gateway program life cycle M&S will be heavily relied upon to conduct analysis, test products, support operations activities, enable informed decision making and ultimately to certify the Gateway with an acceptable level of risk to crew and mission. To reduce risk associated with M&S influenced decisions, this plan applies the NASA-STD-7009 requirements to produce the artifacts that support credibility assessments and ensure the information is communicated to program management

Studies on the clinical significance of nonesterified and total cholesterol in urine

Gas-liquid chromatographic determinations of nonesterified and total urinary cholesterol were performed in 137 normals, 264 patients with various internal diseases without evidence of neoplasias or diseases of the kidney or urinary tract, 497 patients with malignancies and 236 patients with diseases of the kidney, urinary tract infections or prostatic adenoma with residual urine. A normal range (mean±2 SD) of 0.2–2.2 mg/24 hours nonesterified cholesterol (NEC) and of 0.3–3.0 mg/24 hours total cholesterol (TC) was calculated. Values of urinary cholesterol excretion were independent of age and sex and did not correlate with cholesterol levels in plasma. Patients with various internal diseases, without evidence of neoplasias nor diseases of the kidney or obstruction of the urinary tract, showed normal urinary cholesterol excretions, as did patients with infections of the urinary tract. However, elevated urinary cholesterol was found in patients with diseases of the kidney or urinary tract obstruction (prostatic adenoma with residual urine), malignant diseases of the urogenital tract and metastasing carcinoma of the breast. In patients with other malignant diseases urinary cholesterol was usually normal. Lesions of the urothelial cell membranes are considered to be the most likely cause of urinary cholesterol hyperexcretion. The clinical value of urinary cholesterol determinations as a possible screening test for urogenital carcinomas in unselected populations is limited by lacking specificity, expensive methodology and low prevalence of the mentioned carcinomas, although elevated urinary cholesterol excretions have been observed in early clinical stages of urogenital cancers

Aerobic fitness impacts sympathoadrenal axis responses to concurrent challenges

The combination of mental and physical challenges can elicit exacerbated cardiorespiratory (CR) and catecholamine responses above that of a single challenge alone. Purpose This study examined the effects of a combination of acute mental challenges and physical stress on cardiorespiratory and catecholamine responses. Method Eight below-average fitness (LF VO2max = 36.58 +/- 3.36 ml(-1) kg(-1) min(-1)) and eight above-average fitness (HF VO2max = 51.18 +/- 2.09 ml(-1) kg(-1) min(-1)) participants completed an exercise-alone condition (EAC) session consisting of moderate-intensity cycling at 60% VO2max for 37 min, and a dual-challenge condition (DCC) that included concurrent participation in mental challenges while cycling. Result The DCC resulted in increases in perceived workload, CR, epinephrine, and norepinephrine responses overall. HF participants had greater absolute CR and catecholamine responses compared to LF participants and quicker HR recovery after the dual challenge. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that cardiorespiratory fitness does impact the effect of concurrent stressors on CR and catecholamine responses

Adjuvants : an essential component of neisseria vaccines

Adjuvants may be classified into delivery systems and immune potentiator or modulator molecules based on their mechanism of action. Neisseria vaccines containing traditional adjuvants such as aluminium salts have existed for long time, but meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups, particularly serogroup B, continues to be a global health problem. Novel strategies have applied in silico and recombinant technologies to develop "universal" antigens (e.g. proteins, peptides and plasmid DNA) for vaccines, but these antigens have been shown to be poorly immunogenic even when alum adjuvanted, implying a need for better vaccine design. In this work we review the use of natural, detoxified, or synthetic molecules in combination with antigens to activate the innate immune system and to modulate the adaptive immune responses. In the main, antigenic and imune potentiator signals are delivered using nano-, micro-particles, alum, or emulsions. The importance of interaction between adjuvants and antigens to activate and target dendritic cells, the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, will be discussed. In addition, nasal vaccine strategies based on the development of mucosal adjuvants and Neisseria derivatives to eliminate the pathogen at the site of infection provide promising adjuvants effective not only against respiratory pathogens, but also against pathogens responsible for enteric and sexually transmitted diseases

Mirador Comedor Emergente

74 p.Mirador Comedor Emergente es un proyecto de Ctulo de la Escuela de arquitectura de la Universidad de Talca que trata de un comedor de temporeros para un predio agrícola de viñas y manzanos llamado Gajardo & Compañía, ubicado en el kilómetro 3 de la ruta J-- 665, del Camino El Maitén, Los Niches, Curicó. El comedor busca satisfacer una necesidad actual del campo, en donde los trabajadores actualmente almuerzan en el piso. Para ello se desarrolla este proyecto en busca de satisfacer a actual necesidad de los 15 trabajadores que trabajan las faenas de cosecha y vendimia del predio. Entonces, el principal objetivo del proyecto es lograr un buen comer, y solucionar la actual necesidad. Se busca lograr que los usuarios , mediante la obra logren reconocer el paisaje en donde se desempeñan desde otro punto lograr en cierta medida que escapen de la sensación de trabajo llegada al suelo que logren mediante el proyecto emerger por sobre el paisaje llegando así a un nuevo recon0cimiento del mismo. La obra fue concebida en base a materiales de deshecho reales, madera de bins de deshecho, retazos de alambre reciclado de replantaciones de parrones rocas sobrantes de procesos de defensas fluviales, y malla desechada de packins vecinos. El proyecto no se busca mas que satisfacer la necesidad de un buen comedor a través de la arquitectura y los medios contractivos utilizados por el campesin

Directed Chaotic Transport in Hamiltonian Ratchets

We present a comprehensive account of directed transport in one-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with spatial and temporal periodicity. They can be considered as Hamiltonian ratchets in the sense that ensembles of particles can show directed ballistic transport in the absence of an average force. We discuss general conditions for such directed transport, like a mixed classical phase space, and elucidate a sum rule that relates the contributions of different phase-space components to transport with each other. We show that regular ratchet transport can be directed against an external potential gradient while chaotic ballistic transport is restricted to unbiased systems. For quantized Hamiltonian ratchets we study transport in terms of the evolution of wave packets and derive a semiclassical expression for the distribution of level velocities which encode the quantum transport in the Floquet band spectra. We discuss the role of dynamical tunneling between transporting islands and the chaotic sea and the breakdown of transport in quantum ratchets with broken spatial periodicity.Comment: 22 page

The City: Art and the Urban Environment

The City: Art and the Urban Environment is the fifth annual exhibition curated by students enrolled in the Art History Methods class. This exhibition draws on the students’ newly developed expertise in art-historical methodologies and provides an opportunity for sustained research and an engaged curatorial experience. Working with a selection of paintings, prints, and photographs, students Angelique Acevedo ’19, Sidney Caccioppoli ’21, Abigail Coakley ’20, Chris Condon ’18, Alyssa DiMaria ’19, Carolyn Hauk ’21, Lucas Kiesel ’20, Noa Leibson ’20, Erin O’Brien ’19, Elise Quick ’21, Sara Rinehart ’19, and Emily Roush ’21 carefully consider depictions of the urban environment in relation to significant social, economic, artistic, and aesthetic developments. [excerpt]https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/artcatalogs/1029/thumbnail.jp

A Survey of Expert Opinion Regarding Rotator Cuff Repair.

Many patients with rotator cuff tears have questions for their surgeons regarding the surgical procedure, perioperative management, restrictions, therapy, and ability to work after a rotator cuff repair. The purpose of our study was to determine common clinical practices among experts regarding rotator cuff repair and to assist them in counseling patients. We surveyed 372 members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and the Association of Clinical Elbow and Shoulder Surgeons (ACESS); 111 members (29.8%) completed all or part of the survey, and 92.8% of the respondents answered every question. A consensus response (\u3e50% agreement) was achieved on 49% (24 of 49) of the questions. Variability in responses likely reflects the fact that clinical practices have evolved over time based on clinical experience