The Gaia-ESO Survey: the selection function of the Milky Way field stars

The Gaia-ESO Survey was designed to target all major Galactic components (i.e. bulge, thin and thick discs, halo and clusters), with the goal of constraining the chemical and dynamical evolution of the Milky Way. This paper presents the methodology and considerations that drive the selection of the targeted, allocated and successfully observed Milky Way field stars. The detailed understanding of the survey construction, specifically the influence of target selection criteria on observed Milky Way field stars is required in order to analyse and interpret the survey data correctly. We present the target selection process for the Milky Way field stars observed with Very Large Telescope/Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph and provide the weights that characterize the survey target selection. The weights can be used to account for the selection effects in the Gaia-ESO Survey data for scientific studies. We provide a couple of simple examples to highlight the necessity of including such information in studies of the stellar populations in the Milky Way

A diagnosis of the plasma waves responsible for the explosive energy release of substorm onset

During geomagnetic substorms, stored magnetic and plasma thermal energies are explosively converted into plasma kinetic energy. This rapid reconfiguration of Earth’s nightside magnetosphere is manifest in the ionosphere as an auroral display that fills the sky. Progress in understanding of how substorms are initiated is hindered by a lack of quantitative analysis of the single consistent feature of onset; the rapid brightening and structuring of the most equatorward arc in the ionosphere. Here, we exploit state-of-the-art auroral measurements to construct an observational dispersion relation of waves during substorm onset. Further, we use kinetic theory of high-beta plasma to demonstrate that the shear Alfven wave dispersion relation bears remarkable similarity to the auroral dispersion relation. In contrast to prevailing theories of substorm initiation, we demonstrate that auroral beads seen during the majority of substorm onsets are likely the signature of kinetic Alfven waves driven unstable in the high-beta magnetotail

An investigation into aripiprazole's partial D(2) agonist effects within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory in healthy volunteers

Rationale: Working memory impairments in schizophrenia have been attributed to dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) which in turn may be due to low DLPFC dopamine innervation. Conventional antipsychotic drugs block DLPFC D2 receptors, and this may lead to further dysfunction and working memory impairments. Aripiprazole is a D2 receptor partial agonist hypothesised to enhance PFC dopamine functioning, possibly improving working memory. Objectives: We probed the implications of the partial D2 receptor agonist actions of aripiprazole within the DLPFC during working memory. Investigations were carried out in healthy volunteers to eliminate confounds of illness or medication status. Aripiprazole’s prefrontal actions were compared with the D2/5-HT2A blocker risperidone to separate aripiprazole’s unique prefrontal D2 agonist actions from its serotinergic and striatal D2 actions that it shares with risperidone. Method: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design was implemented. Participants received a single dose of either 5 mg aripiprazole, 1 mg risperidone or placebo before performing the n-back task whilst undergoing fMRI scanning. Results: Compared with placebo, the aripiprazole group demonstrated enhanced DLPFC activation associated with a trend for improved discriminability (d’) and speeded reaction times. In contrast to aripiprazole’s neural effects, the risperidone group demonstrated a trend for reduced DLPFC recruitment. Unexpectedly, the risperidone group demonstrated similar effects to aripiprazole on d’ and additionally had reduced errors of commission compared with placebo. Conclusion: Aripiprazole has unique DLPFC actions attributed to its prefrontal D2 agonist action. Risperidone’s serotinergic action that results in prefrontal dopamine release may have protected against any impairing effects of its prefrontal D2 blockade

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

From smoking cessation to physical activity: Can ontology-based methods for automated evidence synthesis generalise across behaviour change domains? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Data availability: Underlying data Open Science Framework: Human Behaviour-Change Project. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EFP4X (West et al., 2023b) Extended data Online supplementary materials cited in this article are available below: Supplementary material 1: Questionnaire for physical activity experts (https://osf.io/9vwye/). Supplementary material 2: HBCP physical activity annotation manual (https://osf.io/8ekfz). Supplementary material 3: Comparison between HBCP physical activity and smoking cessation annotation code sets (https://osf.io/n3e9y). Supplementary material 4: Responses to physical activity experts feedback (https://osf.io/n56kj/). Supplementary material 5: Intervention reports included in HBCP physical activity corpus (https://osf.io/kdmwe). Supplementary material 6: Annotations for 111 intervention reports included in HBCP physical activity corpus (https://osf.io/dtn6u). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original data is properly cited.Amendments from Version 1: In this updated version, we have made the following revisions to address reviewer feedback: - Expanded the introduction to better contextualise the Human Behaviour Change Project (HBCP) approach within the broader research landscape. - Clarified the keywords used in the literature search and specified the level in which these keywords were searched (i.e., title/abstract). - Provided a rationale for using proprietary software to conduct the research (EPPI-Reviewer and Qualtrics). - Included both (i) lack of pre-registration and (ii) the geographical concentration of physical activity experts consulted as study limitations and outlined plans for global engagement via the APRICOT project. - Provided a stronger rationale for the inclusion of sedentary behaviour as part of the list of physical activity behavioural outcomes. - Elaborated on the potential limitations of an AI-based evidence synthesis approach, as a result of the underlying evidence’s quality and bias. - Revised the title to better reflect the study’s focus on evaluating ontology-based evidence synthesis across behaviour change domains. - Amended the abstract and introduction to strengthen the study rationale, unpack the term evidence synthesis, and explain the need for an approach such as the HBCP’s. - Added further details regarding the survey for physical activity experts during stage 1, covering analysis and deployment. - Clarified that the annotations during stage 4 resulted in iterative updates to the annotation manual as well as changes to the physical activity annotation code set. - Revised the discussion to emphasise the study’s knowledge gap and to include a wider range of literature outside the HBCP.This article is included in Human Behaviour-Change Project (including the APRICOT project) gateway (https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/gateways/humanbehaviourchange/about).Background: Developing behaviour change interventions able to tackle major challenges such as non-communicable diseases or climate change requires effective and efficient use of scientific evidence. The Human Behaviour-Change Project (HBCP) aims to improve evidence synthesis in behavioural science by compiling intervention reports and annotating them with an ontology to train information extraction and prediction algorithms. The HBCP used smoking cessation as the first ‘proof of concept’ domain but intends to extend its methodology to other behaviours. The aims of this paper are to (i) assess the extent to which methods developed for annotating smoking cessation intervention reports were generalisable to a corpus of physical activity evidence, and (ii) describe the steps involved in developing this second HBCP corpus. Methods: The development of the physical activity corpus involved: (i) reviewing the suitability of smoking cessation codes already used in the HBCP, (ii) defining the selection criteria and scope, (iii) identifying and screening records for inclusion, and (iv) annotating intervention reports using a code set of 200+ entities from the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology. Results: Stage 1 highlighted the need to modify the smoking cessation behavioural outcome codes for application to physical activity. One hundred physical activity intervention reports were reviewed, and 11 physical activity experts were consulted to inform the adapted code set. Stage 2 involved narrowing down the scope of the corpus to interventions targeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. In stage 3, 111 physical activity intervention reports were identified, which were then annotated in stage 4. Conclusions: Smoking cessation annotation methods developed as part of the HBCP were mostly transferable to the physical activity domain. However, the codes applied to behavioural outcome variables required adaptations. This paper can help anyone interested in building a body of research to develop automated evidence synthesis methods in physical activity or for other behaviours.This work was supported by Wellcome [201524; The Human Behaviour-Change Project: Building the science of behaviour change for complex intervention development]. The Human Behaviour-Change Project is funded by a Wellcome Trust collaborative award

Creating a body of physical activity evidence to test the generalisation of annotation methods for automated evidence synthesis

First Version Published: 24 Jul 2024, 9:402 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21664.1) Latest Version Published: 24 Jul 2024, 9:402 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21664.1).Data availability: Underlying data: Open Science Framework: Human Behaviour-Change Project. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EFP4X (West et al., 2023b) Extended data: Online supplementary materials cited in this article are available below: Supplementary material 1: Questionnaire for physical activity experts (https://osf.io/9vwye/). Supplementary material 2: HBCP physical activity annotation manual (https://osf.io/ewtaf). Supplementary material 3: Comparison between HBCP physical activity and smoking cessation annotation code sets (https://osf.io/n3e9y). Supplementary material 4: Responses to physical activity experts feedback (https://osf.io/n56kj/). Supplementary material 5: Intervention reports included in HBCP physical activity corpus (https://osf.io/kdmwe). Supplementary material 6: Annotations for 111 intervention reports included in HBCP physical activity corpus (https://osf.io/dtn6u). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original data is properly cited.Plain language summary: The Human Behaviour-Change Project (HBCP) wants to make it easier to gather and analyse information about how to change people's behaviour. To achieve this, the project collects reports about behaviour change interventions, code them based on an ontology (that is, a classification scheme to organise and represent information within a specific area), and use that data to train computer programs to automatically extract information from reports and make predictions. The project started with smoking cessation as a proof of concept but plans to expand to other behaviours. This study investigates how well the methods used for coding smoking cessation intervention reports could be applied to a new behaviour, physical activity, and describes how this new set of data on physical activity intervention reports was created. Building the HBCP physical activity data set involved: (1) checking if the ontology codes used for smoking cessation would work for physical activity, (2) deciding what kind of physical activity reports to include, (3) finding the reports, and (4) coding the reports using the ontology. During step 1 researchers found that some changes were needed to the codes used for smoking cessation, so they analysed 100 physical activity intervention reports and got feedback from experts to update the codes. After stages 2-4, they ended up with 111 physical activity reports coded using the ontology of behaviour change interventions. In conclusion, the methods used for coding smoking cessation intervention reports could mostly be applied to reports about physical activity interventions, but changes were needed in relation to the target behaviour (for example, how behaviour is measured or whether researchers want people to start vs stop doing something). The aim of this report is to help others looking to build a data set to improve ways in which information on behaviour change interventions is gathered and analysed.Background The Human Behaviour-Change Project (HBCP) aims to improve evidence synthesis in behavioural science by compiling intervention reports, annotating them according to an ontology, and using the resulting data to train information extraction and prediction algorithms. The HBCP used smoking cessation as the first ‘proof of concept’ domain but intends to extend its methodology to other behaviours. The aims of this paper are to (i) assess the extent to which methods developed for annotating smoking cessation intervention reports were generalisable to a corpus of evidence relating to a different behaviour, namely physical activity, and (ii) describe the steps involved in developing this second HBCP corpus. Methods The development of the physical activity corpus took place in four stages: (i) reviewing the suitability of smoking cessation codes already used in the HBCP, (ii) defining the selection criteria and scope of the corpus, (iii) identifying and screening records for inclusion, and (iv) annotating intervention reports using a code set of 200+ entities from the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology. Results Stage 1 highlighted the need to modify the smoking cessation behavioural outcome codes for application to physical activity. One hundred physical activity intervention reports were reviewed, and 11 physical activity experts were consulted to inform the adapted code set. Stage 2 involved narrowing down the scope of the corpus to interventions targeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. In stage 3, 111 physical activity intervention reports were identified, which were then annotated in stage 4. Conclusions Smoking cessation annotation methods developed as part of the HBCP were mostly transferable to the physical activity domain. However, the codes applied to behavioural outcome variables required adaptations. This paper can help anyone interested in building a body of research to develop automated evidence synthesis methods in physical activity or for other behaviours.This work was supported by Wellcome [201524; The Human Behaviour-Change Project: Building the science of behaviour change for complex intervention development]. The Human Behaviour-Change Project is funded by a Wellcome Trust collaborative award

A Rapid, Strong, and Convergent Genetic Response to Urban Habitat Fragmentation in Four Divergent and Widespread Vertebrates

Urbanization is a major cause of habitat fragmentation worldwide. Ecological and conservation theory predicts many potential impacts of habitat fragmentation on natural populations, including genetic impacts. Habitat fragmentation by urbanization causes populations of animals and plants to be isolated in patches of suitable habitat that are surrounded by non-native vegetation or severely altered vegetation, asphalt, concrete, and human structures. This can lead to genetic divergence between patches and in turn to decreased genetic diversity within patches through genetic drift and inbreeding.We examined population genetic patterns using microsatellites in four common vertebrate species, three lizards and one bird, in highly fragmented urban southern California. Despite significant phylogenetic, ecological, and mobility differences between these species, all four showed similar and significant reductions in gene flow over relatively short geographic and temporal scales. For all four species, the greatest genetic divergence was found where development was oldest and most intensive. All four animals also showed significant reduction in gene flow associated with intervening roads and freeways, the degree of patch isolation, and the time since isolation.Despite wide acceptance of the idea in principle, evidence of significant population genetic changes associated with fragmentation at small spatial and temporal scales has been rare, even in smaller terrestrial vertebrates, and especially for birds. Given the striking pattern of similar and rapid effects across four common and widespread species, including a volant bird, intense urbanization may represent the most severe form of fragmentation, with minimal effective movement through the urban matrix

Increased expression of receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-β/ζ is associated with molecular, cellular, behavioral and cognitive schizophrenia phenotypes

Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental disorder, in which both genetic and environmental factors have a role in the development of the disease. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is one of the most established genetic risk factors for schizophrenia, and disruption of NRG1 signaling has been reported in this disorder. We reported previously that NRG1/ErbB4 signaling is inhibited by receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-β/ζ (RPTP β/ζ) and that the gene encoding RPTPβ/ζ (PTPRZ1) is genetically associated with schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the expression of RPTPβ/ζ in the brains of patients with schizophrenia and observed increased expression of this gene. We developed mice overexpressing RPTPβ/ζ (PTPRZ1-transgenic mice), which showed reduced NRG1 signaling, and molecular and cellular changes implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including altered glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic activity, as well as delayed oligodendrocyte development. Behavioral analyses also demonstrated schizophrenia-like changes in the PTPRZ1-transgenic mice, including reduced sensory motor gating, hyperactivity and working memory deficits. Our results indicate that enhanced RPTPβ/ζ signaling can contribute to schizophrenia phenotypes, and support both construct and face validity for PTPRZ1-transgenic mice as a model for multiple schizophrenia phenotypes. Furthermore, our results implicate RPTPβ/ζ as a therapeutic target in schizophrenia

Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Yellow Anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) in Northern Argentina

Yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) are large, semiaquatic boid snakes found in wetland systems in South America. These snakes are commercially harvested under a sustainable management plan in Argentina, so information regarding population structuring can be helpful for determination of management units. We evaluated genetic structure and migration using partial sequences from the mitochondrial control region and mitochondrial genes cyt-b and ND4 for 183 samples collected within northern Argentina. A group of landscape features and environmental variables including several treatments of temperature and precipitation were explored as potential drivers of observed genetic patterns. We found significant population structure between most putative population comparisons and bidirectional but asymmetric migration in several cases. The configuration of rivers and wetlands was found to be significantly associated with yellow anaconda population structure (IBD), and important for gene flow, although genetic distances were not significantly correlated with the environmental variables used here. More in-depth analyses of environmental data may be needed to fully understand the importance of environmental conditions on population structure and migration. These analyses indicate that our putative populations are demographically distinct and should be treated as such in Argentina's management plan for the harvesting of yellow anacondas