Sympatric and Allopatric Divergence of MHC Genes in Threespine Stickleback

Parasites can strongly affect the evolution of their hosts, but their effects on host diversification are less clear. In theory, contrasting parasite communities in different foraging habitats could generate divergent selection on hosts and promote ecological speciation. Immune systems are costly to maintain, adaptable, and an important component of individual fitness. As a result, immune system genes, such as those of the Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC), can change rapidly in response to parasite-mediated selection. In threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), as well as in other vertebrates, MHC genes have been linked with female mating preference, suggesting that divergent selection acting on MHC genes might influence speciation. Here, we examined genetic variation at MHC Class II loci of sticklebacks from two lakes with a limnetic and benthic species pair, and two lakes with a single species. In both lakes with species pairs, limnetics and benthics differed in their composition of MHC alleles, and limnetics had fewer MHC alleles per individual than benthics. Similar to the limnetics, the allopatric population with a pelagic phenotype had few MHC alleles per individual, suggesting a correlation between MHC genotype and foraging habitat. Using a simulation model we show that the diversity and composition of MHC alleles in a sympatric species pair depends on the amount of assortative mating and on the strength of parasite-mediated selection in adjacent foraging habitats. Our results indicate parallel divergence in the number of MHC alleles between sympatric stickleback species, possibly resulting from the contrasting parasite communities in littoral and pelagic habitats of lakes

RELEVANSI HIRARKI LIMA KEBUTUHAN DASAR MASLOW DAN Al-SYATIBI DAN PENERAPANNYA DALAM TRIPUSAT PENDIDIKAN

THE RELEVANCE OF THE HIERARCHY OF FIVE NEEDS OF MASLOW AND SYATIBI AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL FAMILY This study aims to determine the relevance of Maslow and Syatibi's five hierarchy of basic needs and their application in education Tricenter. The research approach is qualitative with a literature review method where data collection is carried out through reviewing various primary and secondary book and journal literatures as well as daily experiences, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive data analysis technique, namely data collection, data reduction, data exposure, and conclusion. This study found that: (1) Maslow and Syatibi's hierarchy of five basic needs has a meeting point in the aspect of the category of importance, substance, and benefit for all humans; and (2) the relevance of Maslow's and Syatibi's five basic needs hierarchy can be integrated in their application in a plural/plural education Tricenter in the same way (adoption) or complement each other and develop it (adaptation) according to their respective conditions as long as they fulfill the five elements of the participants' basic needs. educate and support / ensure the growth and development of its potential

Silent seizures in sick infants in early life. Diagnosis by continuous cerebral function monitoring

Cerebral electric activity was surveilled with a Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM) technique in 87 newborn infants under neonatal intensive care. A total of 26 infants had electrographical signs of repeated seizure activity. Among these infants 14 had periods of one hour or more of silent seizures activity. Among these infants 14 had periods of one hour or more of silent seizures, i.e. typical pattern of ictal epileptic activity on CFM without clinical symptoms or signs of convulsions. The occurrence of silent seizures and their pattern in relation to the clinical condition and management was unpredictable in most cases. Besides general limpness or flaccidity in an outward quiet baby these infants showed no clinical fits or clonic convulsions. The findings indicate that anticonvulsive therapy in small infants may be insufficient and need re-evaluation, since the long-term effect of silent seizures on cerebral function and activity is still uncertain