The one dimensional Kondo lattice model at partial band filling

The Kondo lattice model introduced in 1977 describes a lattice of localized magnetic moments interacting with a sea of conduction electrons. It is one of the most important canonical models in the study of a class of rare earth compounds, called heavy fermion systems, and as such has been studied intensively by a wide variety of techniques for more than a quarter of a century. This review focuses on the one dimensional case at partial band filling, in which the number of conduction electrons is less than the number of localized moments. The theoretical understanding, based on the bosonized solution, of the conventional Kondo lattice model is presented in great detail. This review divides naturally into two parts, the first relating to the description of the formalism, and the second to its application. After an all-inclusive description of the bosonization technique, the bosonized form of the Kondo lattice hamiltonian is constructed in detail. Next the double-exchange ordering, Kondo singlet formation, the RKKY interaction and spin polaron formation are described comprehensively. An in-depth analysis of the phase diagram follows, with special emphasis on the destruction of the ferromagnetic phase by spin-flip disorder scattering, and of recent numerical results. The results are shown to hold for both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic Kondo lattice. The general exposition is pedagogic in tone.Comment: Review, 258 pages, 19 figure

Industrialised building system in Malaysia: Issues for research in a changing financial and property market

Industrialised Building System in its different guises appears to have gained popularity in recent years. Through a thorough review of literature, this paper presents a historical appraisal of the definitions offered for the different guises of IBS, the characteristics of IBS, and the benefits it purports to offer. In the same vein, the factors that have fuelled the popularity of IBS is discussed together with the impact of the changing financial and property market crisis on the future of IBS. The implications of the current financial and property market prices on IBS in Malaysia shall also be discussed. The paper concludes by drawing inferences on the implications of the current financial and property market crisis on research in IBS from a Malaysian construction industry perspective

Heavy-electron metals

A new class of metals has been found in which the electrons have effective masses orders of magnitude larger than the free-electron mass. Some of these metals are superconducting at low temperatures. This superconductivity seems to be unconventional, with an underlying mechanism different from that in all other known superconductors. © 1986 Nature Publishing Group

Teaching research in nursing and midwifery curricula

We discuss a new entangled state that has been observed in the conduction across a quantum dot. At Coulomb blockade, electrons from the contacts correlate strongly to those localized in the dot, due to cotunneling processes. Because of the strong Coulomb repulsion on the dot, its electron number is unchanged w.r.to the dot in isolation, but the total spin is fully or partly compensated. In a dot with N=even at the singlet-triplet crossing, which occurs in large magnetic field, Kondo correlations lead to a total spin S=1/2.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure