Effet de la fumure organique sur la croissance et le rendement du riz NERICA 3 (WAB 450 IBP 28HB) à Faranah

Dans le but d’évaluer les effets de la matière organique sur la résistance du riz NERICA (New Rice for Africa) au stress hydrique sur sol ferralitique, un essai est réalisé au champ à Faranah de juillet à novembre 2008. Le dispositif utilisé est le Blocs Complets Randomisés factoriel à trois répétitions. Les traitements comportent: (i) trois dates de semis, à 15 jours d’intervalle, induisant trois niveaux de stress : 25/07/08 (d1), 9/08/08 (d2), 24/08/08 (d3); (ii) deux doses de matière organique D0 (témoin) et D1 (60 tonnes de fumure par hectare). La réponse au stress hydrique est évaluée à travers la croissance (hauteur des plants, longueur de la racine la plus allongée), le nombre de talles fertiles, le rendement et l’indice de sensibilité au stress. Les résultats montrent que quelque soit la date de semis l’apport de fumure augmente les rendements par rapport au témoin soit: 4,06 t/ha à d1, 2,43 t/ha à d2 1,44 t/ha à d3. Ainsi l’utilisation de la matière organique permet-elle de maintenir des niveaux de production plus élevés par rapport au témoin; donc la fertilisation améliore la résistance à l’insuffisance d’eau due à un semis tardif ou semi-tardif

Bacteriologie de l’otite moyenne suppuree chronique de l’enfant au mali

Introduction: L’otite moyenne suppurée chronique est une affection fréquente chez l’enfant. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent favoriser l’installation d’un tel processus infectieux (rhinopharyngites, otites mal traitées …). L’identification du germe causal de l’otite est une étape essentielle pour mener un traitement adéquat. But : Déterminer l’écologie bactérienne des otites purulentes chroniques de l’enfant dans notre unité. Patients et méthodes : L’étude menée de novembre 2010 à octobre 2011 a concerné 76 jeunes patients (40 filles et 36 garçons âgés de 6 à 180 mois avec une moyenne d’âge de 52,73 mois) présentant une otite moyenne suppurée chronique. L’otorrhée purulente des 76 patients (80 oreilles) a été prélevée. Celle-ci était recueillie à l’oreille d’un écouvillon stérile après nettoyage du conduit auditif externe et conduit le même jour au laboratoire pour examen bactériologique. Résultats : 94,74% des prélèvements étaient positifs et 5,26% étaient stériles. Parmi les prélèvements positifs 75% étaient monomicrobiens et 25% plurimicrobiens. Staphylococcus aureus (41,31%), proteus mirabilis (34,79%) sont les principales espèces bactériennes responsables d’otite moyenne suppurée chronique chez l’enfant dans notre unité. Conclusion : Ainsi le rôle pathogène de staphylococcus aureus est prépondérant dans les otites moyennes suppurées chroniques de l’enfant dans notre unité. Mots-clés : bactériologie - otite moyenne suppurée chronique - enfant.

Le lymphangiome cervico-facial congenital de l’enfant au chu de conakry : analyse de trois cas

Le lymphangiome kystique est une tumeur vasculaire, bénigne, rare, d’origine lymphatique. La forme principale est représentée par le lymphangiome cervico-facial congénital de l’enfant. Sa pathogenèse est inconnue. Cette malformation congénitale du système lymphatique est composée de formations kystiques développées à partir d’endothélium lymphatique et remplies de lymphe et de sang. L’atteinte des voies aérodigestives supérieures (VaDS) peut conduire à des complications graves, mettant en jeu le pronostic vital. nous présentons trois observations de lymphangiomes kystiques de diagnostic post natal. Le traitement était chirurgical dans tous les cas consistant en exérèse complète de la tumeur et le diagnostic confirmé par l’examen histopathologique de la pièce opératoire. après un recul d’au moins 12 mois, aucune récidive locale n’a été observée cependant la surveillance reste de mise.Mots clés : Lymphangiomes kystique, malformation, cervico-facialeCystic lymphangioma is a vascular tumor, rare benign lymphatic origin. The main form is represented by the cervicofacial congenital lymphangioma of the child. Its pathogenesis is unknown. This congenital malformation of the lymphatic system is composed of cystic formations developed from lymphatic endothelium and filled with lymph and blood. Involvement of the upper aero digestive tract (UaDT) can lead to serious complications, involving life-threatening. We present three cases of cystic lymphangiomas of postnatal diagnosis. Treatment was surgical in all cases consisting of complete resection of the tumor and the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination of the surgical specimen. after a decline of at least 12 months, no local recurrence was observed; however, monitoring is still required.Keywords : cystic lymphangioma malformation, cervicofacia

Predictors for neonatal death in the rural areas of Shaanxi Province of Northwestern China: a cross-sectional study

Background Almost all (99%) neonatal deaths arise in low-income and middle-income countries. Approximately 450 new-born children die every hour, which is mainly from preventable causes. There has been increased recognition of the need for these countries to implement public health interventions that specifically target neonatal deaths. The purpose of this paper is to identify the predictors of neonatal death in Type 4 rural (poorest) counties in Shaanxi Province of northwestern China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shaanxi Province, China. A single-stage survey design was identified to estimate standard errors. Because of concern about the complex sample design, the data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Socioeconomic and maternal health service utilization factors were added into the model. Results During the study period, a total of 4750 women who delivered in the past three years were randomly selected for interview in the five counties. There were 4880 live births and 54 neonatal deaths identified. In the multiple logistic regression, the odds of neonatal death was significantly higher for multiparous women (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.34, 5.70) and women who did not receive antennal health care in the first trimester of pregnancy (OR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.41, 4.40). Women who gave birth in a county-level hospital (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.86) and had junior high school or higher education level (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.84) were significantly protected from neonatal death. Conclusions Public health interventions directed at reducing neonatal death should address the socioeconomic factors and maternal health service utilization, which significantly influence neonatal mortality in rural China. Multipara, low educational level of the women, availability of prenatal visits in the first trimester of pregnancy and hospital delivery should be considered when planning the interventions to reduce the neonatal mortality in rural areas

Field-based evidence of fast and global increase of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance by DNA-microarrays and PCR/RFLP in Niger

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Over the last years, significant progress has been made in the comprehension of the molecular mechanism of malaria resistance to drugs. Together with <it>in vivo </it>tests, the molecular monitoring is now part of the survey strategy of the <it>Plasmodium </it>sensitivity. Currently, DNA-microarray analysis allows the simultaneous study of many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of <it>Plasmodium </it>isolates. In December 2005, the International Federation of the Red Cross distributed two million three hundred thousand long-lasting insecticide nets to pregnant women and mothers of under five years children in the whole Niger. Then, Niger adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy as first-line treatment.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty four SNPs of <it>pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfmdr </it>and <it>pfATPase </it>were analysed by DNA-microarray and PCR/RFLP in two villages – Zindarou and Banizoumbou – with different durations of malaria transmission. The main objective of the study was to measure the dynamics <it>of Plasmodium falciparum </it>resistant strains and associated factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This study shows a global and clear increase of the drug-resistance associated molecular markers frequencies during a relatively short-time period of four years. Markers associated with resistance to chloroquine and sulphonamids were more frequently found in the short transmission zone than in the long transmission one. The <it>pfcrt76T </it>mutation is significantly more present at Banizoumbou than Zindarou (38.3% vs 25.2%, p = 0.013).</p> <p>This work allowed the screening of several field strains for five SNPs of <it>PfATPase6 </it>gene. The <it>pfATPase6S769N</it>, candidate mutation of resistance to artemisinin was not found. However the <it>pfATPsaeA623E </it>mutation was found in 4.7% of samples.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A significant increase of several SNPs frequencies was highlighted over a four-year period. The polymorphism of five <it>PfATPase6 </it>gene SNPs was described. The global, large and fast increase of the molecular resistance is discussed in the context of current changes of health policy and malaria control in Niger.</p

The precarious supply of physical therapists across Canada: exploring national trends in health human resources (1991 to 2005)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Health Human Resource (HHR) ratios are one measure of workforce supply, and are often expressed as a ratio in the number of health professionals to a sub-set of the population. In this study, we explore national trends in HHR among physical therapists (PTs) across Canada.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>National population data were combined with provincial databases of registered physical therapists in order to estimate the HHR ratio in 2005, and to establish trends between 1991 and 2005.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The national HHR ratio was 4.3 PTs per 10,000 population in 1991, which increased to 5.0 by 2000. In 2005, the HHR ratios varied widely across jurisdictions; however, we estimate that the national average dropped to 4.8 PTs per 10,000. Although the trend in HHR between 1991 and 2005 suggests positive growth of 11.6%, we have found negative growth of 4.0% in the latter 5-years of this study period.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Demand for rehabilitation services is projected to escalate in the next decade. Identifying benchmarks or targets regarding the optimal number of PTs, along with other health professionals working within inter professional teams, is necessary to establish a stable supply of health providers to meet the emerging rehabilitation and mobility needs of an aging and increasingly complex Canadian population.</p

Molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance in Lahj Governorate, Yemen: baseline data and implications

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This is an investigation of anti-malarial molecular markers coupled with a therapeutic efficacy test of chloroquine (CQ) against falciparum malaria in an area of unstable malaria in Lahj Governorate, Yemen. The study was aimed at assessment of therapeutic response to CQ and elucidation of baseline information on molecular markers for <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>resistance against CQ and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Between 2002 and 2003 the field test was conducted according to the standard WHO protocol to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CQ in 124 patients with falciparum malaria in an endemic area in Lahj Governorate in Yemen. Blood samples collected during this study were analysed for <it>P. falciparum </it>chloroquine resistance transporter gene (<it>pfcrt</it>)-76 polymorphisms, mutation <it>pfcrt-</it>S163R and the antifolate resistance-associated mutations dihydrofolate reductase (<it>dhfr</it>)-C59R and dihydropteroate synthase (<it>dhps</it>)-K540E. Direct DNA sequencing of the <it>pfcrt </it>gene from three representative field samples was carried out after DNA amplification of the 13 exons of the <it>pfcrt </it>gene.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Treatment failure was detected in 61% of the 122 cases that completed the 14-day follow-up. The prevalence of mutant <it>pfcrt </it>T76 was 98% in 112 amplified pre-treatment samples. The presence of <it>pfcrt </it>T76 was poorly predictive of <it>in vivo </it>CQ resistance (PPV = 61.8%, 95% CI = 52.7-70.9). The prevalence of <it>dhfr </it>Arg-59 mutation in 99 amplified samples was 5%, while the <it>dhps </it>Glu-540 was not detected in any of 119 amplified samples. Sequencing the <it>pfcrt </it>gene confirmed that Yemeni CQ resistant <it>P. falciparum </it>carry the old world (Asian and African) CQ resistant haplotype CVIETSESI at positions 72,73,74,75,76,220,271, 326 and 371.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This is the first study to report baseline information on the characteristics and implications of anti-malarial drug resistance markers in Yemen. It is also the first report of the haplotype associated with CQR <it>P. falciparum </it>parasites from Yemen. Mutant <it>pfcrt</it>T76 is highly prevalent but it is a poor predictor of treatment failure in the study population. The prevalence of mutation <it>dhfr</it>Arg59 is suggestive of emerging resistance to SP, which is currently a component of the recommended combination treatment of falciparum malaria in Yemen. More studies on these markers are recommended for surveillance of resistance in the study area.</p

Quorum Sensing Signaling Molecules Produced by Reference and Emerging Soft-Rot Bacteria (Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp.)

International audienceBACKGROUND: Several small diffusible molecules are involved in bacterial quorum sensing and virulence. The production of autoinducers-1 and -2, quinolone, indole and γ-amino butyrate signaling molecules was investigated in a set of soft-rot bacteria belonging to six Dickeya or Pectobacterium species including recent or emerging potato isolates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using bacterial biosensors, immunoassay, and chromatographic analysis, we showed that soft-rot bacteria have the common ability to produce transiently during their exponential phase of growth the N-3-oxo-hexanoyl- or the N-3-oxo-octanoyl-l-homoserine lactones and a molecule of the autoinducer-2 family. Dickeya spp. produced in addition the indole-3-acetic acid in tryptophan-rich conditions. All these signaling molecules have been identified for the first time in the novel Dickeya solani species. In contrast, quinolone and γ-amino butyrate signals were not identified and the corresponding synthases are not present in the available genomes of soft-rot bacteria. To determine if the variations of signal production according to growth phase could result from expression modifications of the corresponding synthase gene, the respective mRNA levels were estimated by reverse transcriptase-PCR. While the N-acyl-homoserine lactone production is systematically correlated to the synthase expression, that of the autoinducer-2 follows the expression of an enzyme upstream in the activated methyl cycle and providing its precursor, rather than the expression of its own synthase. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Despite sharing the S-adenosylmethionine precursor, no strong link was detected between the production kinetics or metabolic pathways of autoinducers-1 and -2. In contrast, the signaling pathway of autoinducer-2 seems to be switched off by the indole-3-acetic acid pathway under tryptophan control. It therefore appears that the two genera of soft-rot bacteria have similarities but also differences in the mechanisms of communication via the diffusible molecules. Our results designate autoinducer-1 lactones as the main targets for a global biocontrol of soft-rot bacteria communications, including those of emerging isolates