Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Pare (Momordica Charantia L.) Dan Jus Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Sprague Dawley Hiperkolsterolemia

Latar Belakang : Hiperkolesterolemia merupakan faktor utama dan faktor risiko independen penyakit kardiovaskuler. Penurunan kolesterol total merupakan salah satu strategi dalam terapi penyakit kardiovaskuler. Buah pare dan jeruk nipis memilki potensi menurunkan kolesterol total. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jus pare, jus jeruk nipis dan kombinasi kedua buah dalam menurunkan kolesterol total.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan true experimental dengan rancangan pre-post test randomized control group design. Sampel terdiri dari 28 tikus jantan Sprague Dawley hiperkolesterolemia yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Intervensi dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan kelompok kontrol hanya diberi pakan standar, perlakuan 1 (P1) diberi jus pare 2 ml/ekor/hari, perlakuan 2 (P2) diberi jus jeruk nipis 2 ml/ekor/hari dan perlakuan 3 (P3) diberi kombinasi jus pare dan jus jeruk nipis sebanyak 4 ml/ekor/hari. Kadar kolsterol total dianalisis dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Data dianalisis dengan uji Paired t-test dan one way Anova.Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan terjadi penurunan kolesterol total setelah pemberian jus pare (22,51%), jus jeruk nipis (28,93%) dan kombinasi jus pare+jeruk nipis (24,04%) (p<0,05). Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata Perubahan kadar kolesterol total antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan dengan p=0,105 (p>0,05)Simpulan : Tidak terdapat perbedaan pengaruh pemberian pare, jus jeruk nipis dan kombinasi jus pare+jeruk nipis terhadap penurunan kolesterol total tikus hiperkolesterolemia

Kinetic and economic analysis of reactive capture of dilute carbon dioxide with Grignard reagents

Carbon Dioxide Utilisation (CDU) processes face significant challenges, especially in the energetic cost of carbon capture from flue gas and the uphill energy gradient for CO2 reduction. Both of these stumbling blocks can be addressed by using alkaline earth metal compounds, such as Grignard reagents, as sacrificial capture agents. We have investigated the performance of these reagents in their ability to both capture and activate CO2 directly from dried flue gas (essentially avoiding the costly capture process entirely) at room temperature and ambient pressures with high yield and selectivity. Naturally, to make the process sustainable, these reagents must then be recycled and regenerated. This would potentially be carried out using existing industrial processes and renewable electricity. This offers the possibility of creating a closed loop system whereby alcohols and certain hydrocarbons may be carboxylated with CO2 and renewable electricity to create higher-value products containing captured carbon. A preliminary Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) of an example looped process has been carried out to identify the electrical and raw material supply demands and hence determine production costs. These have compared broadly favourably with existing market values

Bioelectrochemical conversion of CO2 to value added product formate using engineered Methylobacterium extorquens

The conversion of carbon dioxide to formate is a fundamental step for building C1 chemical platforms. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 was reported to show remarkable activity converting carbon dioxide into formate. Formate dehydrogenase 1 from M. extorquens AM1 (MeFDH1) was verified as the key responsible enzyme for the conversion of carbon dioxide to formate in this study. Using a 2% methanol concentration for induction, microbial harboring the recombinant MeFDH1 expressing plasmid produced the highest concentration of formate (26.6 mM within 21 hours) in electrochemical reactor. 60 ??M of sodium tungstate in the culture medium was optimal for the expression of recombinant MeFDH1 and production of formate (25.7 mM within 21 hours). The recombinant MeFDH1 expressing cells showed maximum formate productivity of 2.53 mM/g-wet cell/hr, which was 2.5 times greater than that of wild type. Thus, M. extorquens AM1 was successfully engineered by expressing MeFDH1 as recombinant enzyme to elevate the production of formate from CO2 after elucidating key responsible enzyme for the conversion of CO2 to formate

Synthesis and characterization of metal (M=Al or Ga) 2-phosphino (phenolate/benzenethiolate) complexes and their electrochemical behavior in the presence of CO2

A series of Group 13 complexes MLX2 (M = Al or Ga, L = SC6H4-2-PtBu2 or OC6H4-2-PtBu2, X = Me or C6F5) have been synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Reactions of Me3Al or Me3Ga with an equivalent of either 2-tBu2P(C6H4)OH (1) or 2-tBu2P(C6H4)SH (5) resulted in the formation of four new (2,3,6, and 7), 4-coordinate dimethyl chelate (S,P or O,P) complexes via methane elimination. The dimethyl gallium complexes (3 and 7) underwent a further reaction with excess B(C6F5)3, and through ligand exchange (methyl/pentafluorophenyl), resulted in the disubstituted bis(pentafluorophenyl) analogs (4 and 8). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments for all compounds in the presence of and the absence of (1–8) CO2 were performed. For compounds showing cathodic reduction waves under CO2 (2,3,4, and 6), bulk electrolysis experiments were performed. Electrochemical studies indicate that, for several compounds, a transient CO2 adduct is formed which undergoes a one-electron, irreversible (or partially irreversible) reduction to form an unstable radical anion

Ellipsometric Porosimetry for the Microstructure Characterization of Plasma-Deposited SiO2-Like Films

SiO2 layers have been deposited from Ar/O2/hexamethyldisiloxane mixtures in a remote expanding thermal plasma setup enabling a good control of both the ion flux (by changing the deposition chemistry and the arc plasma parameters) as well as the ion energy. This latter is achieved by an additional rf substrate biasing or a tailored ion biasing technique, i.e. a low frequency pulse-shaped bias. The role of the ion energy and ion-to-growth flux ratio on the film microstructure and densification at low substrate temperature (100ºC) has been investigated by means of ellipsometric porosimetry. This technique monitors the refractive index change due to the adsorption (and desorption) of ethanol vapors in the volume of macro-meso-micro pores in the SiO2 layer. From the analysis of the adsorption isotherm and the presence of hysteresis during the desorption step as a function of the equilibrium partial pressure, the open porosity in the layer can be determined. It is found that both biasing techniques lead to densification of the deposited layer, which experiences a transition from micro-/ mesoporosity to microporosity and eventually non-porosity, as function of the increasing ion energy. Although both biasing techniques lead to a comparable critical ion energy value per deposited SiO2 unit (about 100 eV), the ion-to-growth flux ratio and ion energy are not found to be interchangeable parameters. In fact, in the case of the rf bias, the meso- and large micropores are first affected leading to a quantitative decrease of porosity, i.e. from 11% to 3% at an ion energy less than 20 eV. A further increase in ion energy eventually reduces the presence of smaller micropores leading to non porous films at energy of 45 eV. When the pulse-shaped biasing technique is adopted, the micro- and mesopores are simultaneously affected over the whole range of available ion energy, leading to a non porous layer only at very high energy values, i.e. 240 eV. This difference is attributed to the increasing ion-to-growth flux ratio accompanying the rf biasing, as a consequence of the rf plasma generation in front of the substrate

Synthesis and characterization of p-n junction ternary mixed oxides for photocatalytic coprocessing of CO2 and H2O

In the present paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of both binary (Cu2 O, Fe2 O3, and In2 O3 ) and ternary (Cu2 O-Fe2 O3 and Cu2 O-In2 O3 ) transition metal mixed-oxides that may find application as photocatalysts for solar driven CO2 conversion into energy rich species. Two different preparation techniques (High Energy Milling (HEM) and Co-Precipitation (CP)) are compared and materials properties are studied by means of a variety of characterization and analytical techniques UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-VIS DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry (EDX). Appropriate data elaboration methods are used to extract materials bandgap for Cu2 O@Fe2 O3 and Cu2 O@In2 O3 prepared by HEM and CP, and foresee whether the newly prepared semiconductor mixed oxides pairs are useful for application in CO2-H2 O coprocessing. The experimental results show that the synthetic technique influences the photoactivity of the materials that can correctly be foreseen on the basis of bandgap experimentally derived. Of the mixed oxides prepared and described in this work, only Cu2 O@In2 O3 shows positive results in CO2-H2 O photo-co-processing. Preliminary results show that the composition and synthetic methodologies of mixed-oxides, the reactor geometry, the way of dispersing the photocatalyst sample, play a key role in the light driven reaction of CO2 –H2 O. This work is a rare case of full characterization of photo-materials, using UV-Visible DRS, XPS, XRD, TEM, EDX for the surface and bulk analytical characterization. Surface composition may not be the same of the bulk composition and plays a key role in photocatalysts behavior. We show that a full material knowledge is necessary for the correct forecast of their photocatalytic behavior, inferred from experimentally determined bandgaps

Kinetics of biodegradation of diethylketone by Arthrobacter viscosus

The performance of an Arthrobacter viscosus culture to remove diethylketone from aqueous solutions was evaluated. The effect of initial concentration of diethylketone on the growth of the bacteria was evaluated for the range of concentration between 0 and 4.8 g/l, aiming to evaluate a possible toxicological effect. The maximum specific growth rate achieved is 0.221 h-1 at 1.6 g/l of initial diethylketone concentration, suggesting that for higher concentrations an inhibitory effect on the growth occurs. The removal percentages obtained were approximately 88%, for all the initial concentrations tested. The kinetic parameters were estimated using four growth kinetic models for biodegradation of organic compounds available in the literature. The experimental data found is well fitted by the Haldane model (R2 = 1) as compared to Monod model (R2 = 0.99), Powell (R2 = 0.82) and Loung model (R2 = 0.95). The biodegradation of diethylketone using concentrated biomass was studied for an initial diethylketone concentration ranging from 0.8–3.9 g/l in a batch with recirculation mode of operation. The biodegradation rate found followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and the resulting kinetic parameters are reported. The removal percentages obtained were approximately 100%, for all the initial concentrations tested, suggesting that the increment on the biomass concentration allows better results in terms of removal of diethylketone. This study showed that these bacteria are very effective for the removal of diethylketone from aqueous solutions.The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this project by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Ministerio da Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal and Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Cristina Quintelas thanks FCT for a Post-Doc grant