Measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient in discrimination of benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes

Purpose: We aimed to determine the contribution of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value in the detection of axillary lymph node metastasis. Material and methods: Breast magnetic resonance of 58 patients, performed in the radiology clinic of our hospital between 2015 and 2017 were examined retrospectively, and 43 lymph nodes in 43 patients were included in the study. They were evaluated morphologically on T1W and T2W sequences, and the lymph nodes showing rounded shape, focal or diffuse cortical thickness of more than 3 mm, and partial or total effacement of fatty hilum were included in the study. Subsequently, their ADC values were measured. Results: There were 43 lymph nodes, 20 of which were malignant and 23 of which were benign. While the mean ADC value of malignant axillary lymph nodes was 0.749 10-3 mm2/s (0.48-1.342), it was 0.982 10-3 mm2/s (0.552-1.986) for benign lymph nodes. When the ADC cut-off value was taken as ≤ 0.753 × 10-3 mm2/s, its discrimination power between benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes was as follows: sensitivity - 60%; specificity - 91.3%; accuracy - 76.7%; positive predictive value - 85.7%; and negative predictive value - 72.4%. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between mean ADC value of 12 lymphadenopathies (LAP) associated with inflammatory breast diseases (granulomatous mastitis and acute suppurative mastitis) and mean ADC value of metastatic lymph nodes. However, the ADC value of lymph nodes showing thickened cortex due to systemic inflammatory diseases was over 1, and there was a statistically significant difference when compared with metastatic lymph nodes

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim$1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg$^2$ at a luminosity distance of $40^{+8}_{-8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Msun. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim$40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over $\sim$10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim$9 and $\sim$16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. (Abridged

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

Herausforderungen der internationalen Steuerpolitik - wie ist das GloBe Proposal der OECD/G20 gegen Steueroasen, aggressive Steuervermeidung und internationalen Steuerwettbewerb zu bewerten?

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die Herausforderungen, die der gegenwärtigen internationalen Steuerpolitik gegenüberstehen. Das Ziel war es, das GloBe Proposal der OECD/G20 und den darin enthaltenen Vorschlag einer globalen Mindeststeuer als Maßnahme gegen die Problematiken kritisch zu analysieren. Dazu wurden mögliche Problemfelder des Konzeptes dargelegt. Das Ergebnis aus der kritischen Analyse und Bewertung ist, dass die globale Mindeststeuer das Potenzial dazu hat, die Herausforderungen einzudämmen. Der Vorschlag stellt einen bedeutenden Schritt für weitere globale Zusammenarbeiten dar. Eine vollständige Abschaffung der Herausforderungen durch das GloBe Proposal ist jedoch nicht möglich. Für eine größere Effektivität der Maßnahme muss die Mindeststeuer höher angesetzt, an geltende Regulierungen angepasst und einheitlich von allen Staaten implementiert werden. Weitere Schwächen der Maßnahme müssen nach Einführung früh erkannt und beseitigt werden

Chest CT imaging features of early phase covid-19 pneumonia

Introduction: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a viral infectious disease presenting with primarily pulmonary involvement. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), a strain of coronavirus. A wide variety of chest computed tomography (CT) findings have been reported in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia. However, these CT features are not specific for Covid-19 and are similar to various other viral pneumonia, atypical pneumonia or organizing pneumonia of different etiologies. For differentiation of Covid-19 pneumonia, some more prevelant CT manifestations have been demonstrated in various studies comparing Covid-19 and non-Covid viral pneumonia. Materials and Methods: We aimed to present the initial chest CT findings observed in our patients with rRT-PCR test-confirmed COVID-19, from the March 15 to August 15, 2020 were presented. Results: As shown in previous reports, our experience has also showed that the most common and typical chest CT manifestations of Covid-19 are multifocal ground glass opacities (GGOs) with peripheral/subpleural distribution predominantly starting from middle&lower zones, with second most frequent is reticulation and consolidation. Based our experience, we have recognized that in Covid 19 pneumonia perilesional pulmonary vascular prominence, isolated nodular involvements and reversed halo sign are more prevelant when compared with non-Covid viral pneumonia. Conclusion: We believe that being familier with the common and typical CT features of Covid-19 pneumonia and the recognition of unusual findings will be helpful in the management of Covid-19 pneumonia

A nonspecific widespread involvement of encephalitis in a covid-19 patient

Encephalopathic symptoms including headache and altered mental status in hospitalized patients due to Covid-19 infection have been reported frequently in the recent literature. Moreover, neuroimaging correlation of some of these patients have been deonstrated with various forms of encephalitis. We aimed to describe the neuroimaging manifestations of an acute encephalitis with widespread involvement of deep white matter and deep gray matter areas that resolve following steroid treatment in a young male patient. We hope our case will add in the understanding of the range of neurological involvemnets related with Covid-19. More data about neuroimaging and neuropathological examinations are need to determine the neurotropism and particular types of involvements in the central nervous system