Variabilité spatiale de la teneur en eau de surface des sols nus par mesures in situ et imagerie radar

National audienceOn présente l'analyse géostatistique de la teneur en eau de surface (0-6 cm de profondeur) collectée les 12 et 13 Mars 2009, sur une quinzaine de parcelles de sol nu d'un petit bassin péri-urbain proche de Lyon. Les mesures in situ, ont été collectées à deux échelles : une échelle locale sur des croix de longueur 20m et un pas d'espace de 1m et une échelle parcellaire sur 3 transects avec un pas de 20m environ. Les résultats montrent une corrélation de quelques m à échelle fine et de 20 à 50m à l'échelle de la parcelle. Après correction du bruit, calibration radiométrique et correction des effets géométriques et de pente, la comparaison des moyennes par parcelles issues de l'image radar TerraSAR-X et des mesures in situ est satisfaisante (R2=0.43) mais l'analyse intra-parcellaire reste à affiner. / This paper presents the geostatistical analysis of surface soil water content (0-6 cm depth), collected on March 12-13 2009, in about 15 bare soil fields located in a small suburban catchment close to Lyon. In situ data were sampled at two scales : a local scale on 20m-long crosses with a space step of about 1m; a field scale, with 3 transects and a space scale of about 20m. The results show a correlation of a few meters at the local scale and of about 20-50m at the field scale. After correction of the noise, radiometric calibration, geometric and slope effect correction, the comparison of the field averages derived from the TerraSAR-X image and of in situ data is satisfactory (R2=0.43), but the intra-field variability should be studied in more details

Droits, propriété et exclusion. Une discussion avec Catherine Colliot-Thélène

Cet article discute certaines des thèses exposées par Catherine Colliot-Thélène dans son dernier ouvrage, Le commun de la liberté (2022). Après un bref rappel des liens de continuité entre ce dernier et La démocratie sans « demos » (2011), concernant en particulier la question centrale, dans les deux livres, des droits subjectifs, je m’intéresse à la manière dont les thèmes de la propriété et de l’exclusion sont traités par l’autrice. Au sujet de la propriété, dont je tâche de déterminer le sens employé dans le livre, c’est l’usage conjoint, paradoxal, et finalement fructueux des théories de Kant et de Marx qui est examiné ici. Due à la dépossession ou à l’absence de propriété, selon Colliot-Thélène, l’exclusion est le problème majeur des démocraties contemporaines qui défie leurs principes universalistes : je souligne l’originalité de son approche en termes de droits et suggère certains prolongements que peut fournir la littérature sociologique et ethnologique à celle-ci.This article discusses some of the theses put forward by Catherine Colliot-Thélène in her latest book, Le commun de la liberté (2022). After a brief reminder of the links of continuity between the latter and La démocratie sans “demos” (2011), concerning in particular the central question, in both books, of subjective rights, I turn to the author’s treatment of the themes of property and exclusion. With regard to property, whose meaning I seek to determine in the book, it is the joint, paradoxical and ultimately fruitful use of Kant’s and Marx’s theories that is examined here. According to Colliot-Thélène, the major problem of contemporary democracies is exclusion due to the dispossession or absence of property, which defies their universalist principles: I underline the originality of her approach in terms of rights, and suggest some extensions that sociological and ethnological literature can provide to it

Impact of SARS-CoV-2-Related Hygiene Measures on Community-Acquired Respiratory Virus Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients in Switzerland

Background and Objectives: Community-acquired respiratory virus (CARV) infections pose a serious risk for lung transplant recipients (LTR) as they are prone to severe complications. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit Switzerland in 2020, the government implemented hygiene measures for the general population. We investigated the impact of these measures on the transmission of CARV in lung transplant recipients in Switzerland. Materials and Methods: In this multicenter, retrospective study of lung transplant recipients, we investigated two time periods: the year before the COVID-19 pandemic (1 March 2019–29 February 2020) and the first year of the pandemic (1 March 2020–28 February 2021). Data were mainly collected from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) database. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Results: Data from 221 Swiss lung transplant cohort patients were evaluated. In the year before the COVID-19 pandemic, 157 infections were diagnosed compared to 71 infections in the first year of the pandemic (decline of 54%, p < 0.001). Influenza virus infections alone showed a remarkable decrease from 17 infections before COVID-19 to 2 infections after the beginning of the pandemic. No significant difference was found in testing behavior; 803 vs. 925 tests were obtained by two of the three centers during the respective periods. Conclusions: We observed a significant decline in CARV infections in the Swiss lung transplant cohort during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results suggest a relevant impact of hygiene measures when implemented in the population due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of CARV infections

International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the 12th generation

The 12th generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) was adopted in December 2014 by the Working Group V-MOD appointed by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). It updates the previous IGRF generation with a definitive main field model for epoch 2010.0, a main field model for epoch 2015.0, and a linear annual predictive secular variation model for 2015.0-2020.0. Here, we present the equations defining the IGRF model, provide the spherical harmonic coefficients, and provide maps of the magnetic declination, inclination, and total intensity for epoch 2015.0 and their predicted rates of change for 2015.0-2020.0. We also update the magnetic pole positions and discuss briefly the latest changes and possible future trends of the Earth’s magnetic fiel

PTX3 Polymorphisms and Invasive Mold Infections After Solid Organ Transplant

Donor PTX3 polymorphisms were shown to influence the risk of invasive aspergillosis among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Here, we show that PTX3 polymorphisms are independent risk factors for invasive mold infections among 1101 solid organ transplant recipients, thereby strengthening their role in mold infection pathogenesis and patients' risk stratificatio

Highly-multiplexed SNP genotyping for genetic mapping and germplasm diversity studies in pea

Background: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as genetic markers for applications such as genetic diversity studies or genetic mapping. New technologies now allow genotyping hundreds to thousands of SNPs in a single reaction. In order to evaluate the potential of these technologies in pea, we selected a custom 384-SNP set using SNPs discovered in Pisum through the resequencing of gene fragments in different genotypes and by compiling genomic sequence data present in databases. We then designed an Illumina GoldenGate assay to genotype both a Pisum germplasm collection and a genetic mapping population with the SNP set. Results: We obtained clear allelic data for more than 92% of the SNPs (356 out of 384). Interestingly, the technique was successful for all the genotypes present in the germplasm collection, including those from species or subspecies different from the P. sativum ssp sativum used to generate sequences. By genotyping the mapping population with the SNP set, we obtained a genetic map and map positions for 37 new gene markers. Conclusion: Our results show that the Illumina GoldenGate assay can be used successfully for high-throughput SNP genotyping of diverse germplasm in pea. This genotyping approach will simplify genotyping procedures for association mapping or diversity studies purposes and open new perspectives in legume genomics

Mechanical behavior of periodical microstructure induced by friction stir welding on Al–Cu–Li 2050 alloy

Mechanical behavior analysis of the friction stir weld nugget of an aluminum alloy 2050 reveals a major role of the microstructure which varies with the distance to the weld surface. Three types of microstructure heterogeneities are considered namely grain size, precipitation state and textured bands. The grain size and the T1 precipitates density decrease with the distance from the weld surface. The density of T1 precipitates has a first order effect on micro-hardness variations and makes the Hall–Petch rule not valid in this case. Tensile tests combined with strain field identification done by digital image correlation measurements demonstrate the good correlation between textured bands and strain field heterogeneities. Crystal plasticity simulations by finite element method well account for the macroscopic mechanical behavior as well as strain field in textured bands

The Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in the Natural Environment

Chapitre 1International audienc

Impact of the Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Genetic Variant CD226 Gly307Ser on Human CD8 T-Cell Functions

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The rs763361 nonsynonymous variant in the CD226 gene, which results in a glycine-to-serine substitution at position 307 of the CD226 protein, has been implicated as a risk factor of various immune-mediated diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Compelling evidence suggests that this allele may play a significant role in predisposing individuals to MS by decreasing the immune-regulatory capacity of Treg cells and increasing the proinflammatory potential of effector CD4 T cells. However, the impact of this CD226 gene variant on CD8 T-cell functions, a population that also plays a key role in MS, remains to be determined. METHODS To study whether the CD226 risk variant affects human CD8 T-cell functions, we used CD8 T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell of 16 age-matched healthy donors homozygous for either the protective or the risk allele of CD226. We characterized these CD8 T cells on T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation using high-parametric flow cytometry and bulk RNAseq and through characterization of canonical signaling pathways and cytokine production. RESULTS On TCR engagement, the phenotype of ex vivo CD8 T cells bearing the protective (CD226-307Gly) or the risk (CD226-307Ser) allele of CD226 was largely overlapping. However, the transcriptomic signature of CD8 T cells from the donors carrying the risk allele presented an enrichment in TCR, JAK/STAT, and IFNγ signaling. We next found that the CD226-307Ser risk allele leads to a selective increase in the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) associated with enhanced phosphorylation of STAT4 and increased production of IFNγ. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that the CD226-307Ser risk variant imposes immune dysregulation by increasing the pathways related to IFNγ signaling in CD8 T cells, thereby contributing to the risk of developing chronic inflammation