Effect of Ageing on Physico-Chemical Properties Of Non-Dairy Ice Cream Mix

The rheological characteristics of ice cream mix prepared from palm oil (PO), palm kernel oils (PKO) and their blends with anhydrous milk fat (AMF) at 30:70, 5030 and 70:30 ratios during ageing were studied. The experimental ice cream mixes were compared with a control sample prepared from Ah4F. Ice cream mix containing 33.44% total solids including 10% fat, 11.09% milk solid-non fat (MSNF), 12% sugar, 0.35% commercial blend of emulsifier/stabiliser and water. The rheological properties such as the flow behaviour, Newtonian viscosity (q,) and compliance (J,) were measured after ageing at 4OC for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5,2 and 24 hr and determined using a controlled stress rheometer (Haake RS 100). The Power Law and Casson equation was employed to estimate the yield stress (z,) of an ice cream mixes. The correlation coefficients (r) for the regression analyses of the square root of the shear stress-shear rate data were represented well by the Casson model (r > 0.99) for all the samples, indicating goodness of fitted. The shapes of the curves of consistency coefficients &) were quite similar for all the experimental samples. The flow behaviour index (n) of the ice cream mixes prepared with palm fi-action (PO and PKO) and their blends were less than 1.0 (range 0.04-0.08) indicating that the mixes were pseudoplastic fluid. The q, at shear rate 20-' indicated that the degree of viscosity in the control sample was highe

Ecological Status Report: results from the CPR Survey 2004/2005.

Using a number of ecological indices, this report summarises unusual species found, large phytoplankton blooms, changes in community structure and trends in hydrobiological indicators from regions in the North Atlantic (with an emphasis on the North Sea). In the majority of cases the term unuasual or large in referring to phytoplankton blooms refers to population increases greater than four standard deviations above the species recorded baseline mean (baseline mean: 1980-2003). Notable blooms that are geographically lareg refer to patch sizes greater then 100 km in diameter. The primary regional assessment area used to monitor changes in community structure, biomass and phenological changes is the central North Sea. Most data analysis has been performed to highlight the year 2004 in relation to the long-term dataset. 2005 sample data is presented but has not yet undergone quality checks. Annual abundance estimates were calculated for each CPR box when eight or more months were sampled, no annual estimate of abundance was calculated. Sea surface temperature was used as an indicator of ocean climate and climate change

Increasing prevalence of the marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris (Dana, 1852) in the North Sea

Rising sea surface temperatures in the North Sea have had consequential effects on not only indigenous plankton species, but also on the possibility of successful colonisation of the area by invasive plankton species. Previous studies have noted the introduction and integration into the plankton community of various phytoplankton species, but establishment of zooplankton organisms in the North Sea is less well-documented. Examining continuous plankton recorder (CPR) survey data and zooplankton results from the Helgoland Roads study, the autumn of 1999 witnessed the occurrence of the marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris in large numbers in the North Sea. The rapid appearance of the species corresponded with exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Since 1999, the species has become a regular feature of the autumnal zooplankton community of the North Sea. In 2002 and 2003, the species occurred in greater abundance than recorded before. It is suggested that increased autumn SSTs have proved favourable to P. avirostris, with warmer conditions contributing to the success of the species’ resting eggs and aiding colonisation

Case history and persistence of the non-indigenous diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii in the north-east Atlantic

The introduction of non-indigenous marine plankton species can have a considerable ecological and economic effect on regional systems. Their presence, however, can go unnoticed until they reach nuisance status and as a consequence few case histories exist containing information on their initial appearance and their spatio-temporal patterns. Here we report on the occurrence of the non-indigenous diatom Coscinodiscus wailesii in 1977 in the English Channel, its subsequent geographical spread into European shelf seas, and its persistence as a significant member of the diatom community in the north-east Atlantic from 1977-1995

The writing performance of undergraduates in the University of Technology Mara, Terengganu, Malaysia

Writing well and effectively helps our students achieve three important objectives. Firstly, it reinforces grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary. Secondly, writing provides opportunities for our students to be more adventurous with the language, to go beyond what they have learnt and to take risks with the effects of writing. And, finally, the importance of writing lies in the ability to develop language skills in terms of fluency, accuracy and appropriateness, in the communication of meanings and messages. This paper attempts to investigate a comparative study on the undergraduates’ writing performance and the problems that hinder students’ perception of good writing skills. As English Language is used in all the subjects taught in their degree performance, these students should acquire and also achieve some kind of satisfactory level of writing proficiency. Lecturers expect them to use and write daily tasks, assignments and answer examination questions using English proficiently and effectively. In this study, the students from the Diploma Programme acquired better writing skills than the Matriculation students. The Diploma students performed better in all the five writing components like content, vocabulary, organization, language use and mechanics. This was because the Diploma students had more exposure in English as all the subjects were taught in English Language. Therefore, the Matriculation students were slightly less proficient in their writing performance compared with the Diploma students. Nevertheless, the component like mechanics in writing did not contribute greatly to their writing proficiency and both groups of students scored almost the same percentage. The most significant component in writing that hindered their writing proficiency was language use. Both the Diploma and Matriculation students scored very low percentage in this component. Firstly, because ESL students faced more problems than the first language students as they have to acquire or consciously learn the grammar, syntactic structure, vocabulary, rhetorical structure and idioms of a new language. Secondly, composing and writing is already a difficult task for them and the acquisition of grammar and other language structures make it even more difficult. Finally, students who do not read and write well in their first language need to work harder on the new creative activity of forming ideas and thoughts in English for the readers to understand. Therefore, it is recommended that writing lecturers to provide our students ample time and opportunities for them to write and form ideas clearly. Next, choosing topics for students to write with care can also nurture the development of composing abilities. It can be concluded that lecturers should focus on helping students to become aware of how and why they write, and on encouraging them to write freely, fluently and well

A review of distribution and diversity of butterfly (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) fauna in Johor, Malaysia

The objectives of this paper are to (i) review the diversity and distribution of butterflies in different forested areas of Johor and (ii) compare the species composition in each study site. Data is based on field sampling and published records. This paper was able to review study sites from records dating as early as 1987. Study sites include Taman Negara Johor Endau Rompin (TNJER) Peta, TNJER Selai, Gunung Ledang, Bukit Reban Kambing, Bukit Soga and Hutan Lipur Sg Bantang. To evaluate the variation in butterfly diversity in the different forest, the study sites were characterized by describing and comparing overlapping species using hierarchical cluster analysis. To date, a total of 396 species of butterflies are recorded so far in Johor. This accounts for 37.57% of the overall butterfly fauna in Peninsular Malaysia. The highest species richness was recorded in TNJER with a total of 349 species discovered to date. Based on the cluster analysis, species composition in TNJER Peta and Selai showed the highest similarity at 37%. Locality with the most different species composition was Bukit Tukau, Bukit Belading and Bukit Reban Kambing with only 7% similarity. Remarkably, many of the protected species under Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 can be found in Johor. These species include Zeuxidia aurelius aurelius (Cramer), Polyura eudamippus peninsularis (Pendlebury), and Troides helena cerberus (C. & R. Felder). Data obtained from this paper is important for future planning and management of conservation areas in Johor

Gereformeerde pietisme, neoplatonisme en pre-Romantieke teodisee in die Voortrekkervrou Susanna Smit (1799-1863) se godsdienstige dagboeke

Reformed Pietism, neo-Platonism and pre-Romantic Theodicy in the spiritual diaries of the Voortrekker woman Susanna Smit (1799-1863) The first half of the eighteenth century witnessed a resurgence of Platonism in literature generally and in theology in Germany en Holland in particular, because of the appeal Plato’s ideas held for the distinction between immanent and transcendental reality, man’s quest for unity with the Good, and the human soul as the vehicle for uniting with God. Because most human beings are preoccupied with material things, Plato believed they need to have their thoughts turned to the immaterial reality behind the material world, and thus to be weaned away from the objects of their passions. To Plato the world is more than a world of appearances. Behind each particular thing is the idea or form of the thing. Moreover, the ideas or forms are all ultimately related to the Form of the Good. Plato believed that the soul is an immaterial entity, which in some ways is like the Forms. Particularly revealing to the emerging trend of Romanticism was Plato’s philosophical transcending of sceptical and materialistic views of reality, the notion that those who know what is good will love and desire it, and that moral virtue is of itself a prerequisite to knowing the good. The problem presented itself as to how sinful man and chaos in the world can be brought in accordance with God’s perfect and sinless nature. Because Plato’s view of human improvement by means of education and salvation through personal virtue is far removed from the Christian message of redemption by a loving, personal God, Pietists reverted to the neo-Platonism legacy of love mysticism to resolve the dualism inherent to the Romantic juxtaposition of the immanent and the transcendent. The Voortrekker woman Susanna Smit reflected these influences in her Reformed Pietistic spirituality and re-interpreted the Christian conviction of the love of God and man’s salvation by relying on neo-Platonism love spirituality in the works of James Hervey, Rutger Schutte, Hieronymus van Alphen, Rhijnvis Feith and other pietistically inclined authors. This research investigates the impact of the idea of experiential numinous love mediating between the Good and the human soul and neo-Platonism love sentimentality in Susanna Smit’s diaries and the effect of these influences in her Reformed Pietistic spirituality from 1843 to 1863. https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.88.1.255

Modification of carbon black using polyethylenimine (PEI) for aspirin removal

Aspirin is the most common drug consumed by humans and animals, so there must be high demand on the production of this drug. Aspirin may bring adverse impact to humans and the environment even at low concentrations. This study was conducted to modify the carbon black by polyethylenimine (PEI) and characterize the modified carbon black (TC-PEI), to study the effect of various parameters during the adsorption process; as well as to analyse isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic behaviour of the adsorption. The carbon black obtained from the pyrolysis of tire waste provides an incentive to be used as a precursor to low-cost adsorbents due to its high carbon content. At first, the carbon black was treated by nitric acid to remove ash or sulphur content. Then, the impregnation of treated carbon black in PEI was done by varying the impregnation ratio, impregnation temperature and impregnation time. The best impregnation conditions are with one to two weight ratios of carbon black and PEI at 4 hours and 50°C. Next, the TC-PEI was used for adsorption studies. The TC-PEI was characterized in terms of surface morphology, surface area and functional group using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and point of zero charge, respectively. The kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies were also performed. The adsorption process was seen fitted to the pseudo second-order and Langmuir isotherms. For thermodynamic studies, the adsorption gave an exothermic reaction, an increase in randomness and a spontaneous reaction. The regeneration study suggested two cycles for the adsorption of TC-PEI onto aspirin with 40% removal. From the results obtained, it gave the maximum capacity at 29.40 mg/g, which contributed to 60% aspirin removal within 120 minutes, at room temperature with pH 3 and 0.1 g of TC-PEI. In conclusion, the modified of TC by PEI can be used as an adsorbent for aspirin removal from pharmaceutical effluents