Improved understanding of anthropogenic and biogenic carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes in western Europe from long-term continuous mixing ratio measurements

Lack of knowledge still remains on many processes leading to carbonyl sulfide (COS) atmospheric fluxes, either natural, such as the oceanic sources or the vegetation and soil uptakes, or anthropogenic, with emissions from industrial activities and power generation. Moreover, COS atmospheric mixing ratio data are still too sparse to evaluate the estimations of these sources and sinks at the regional scale; in this context, regional estimates are very challenging. This study assesses the anthropogenic emissions and biogenic COS uptakes at the regional scale, in the footprint of a measurement site in western Europe, at a seasonal to diurnal time resolution over half a decade. The continuous time series of COS mixing ratios obtained at the monitoring site of Gif-sur-Yvette (GIF; in the Paris region) from August 2014 to December 2019 are compared to simulations with the Lagrangian model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle), transporting oceanic sources, biogenic land fluxes from the land surface models ORCHIDEE and SiB4 (Simple Biosphere Model), and anthropogenic emissions by two different inventories. At GIF, the seasonal variations in COS mixing ratios are dominated by the contributions of the background and ocean, the weekly to daily variations are driven by the biogenic land contribution and anthropogenic emissions may dominate for short episodes of high concentrations. The anthropogenic emission inventory based on reported industrial emissions and the characteristics of coal power plants in Europe is consistent with the observations. The main limitation of this inventory is the flat temporal variability applied to anthropogenic fluxes due to the lack of information on industrial and power-generation activities in viscose factories and in coal power plants. As a consequence, there are potential mismatches in the simulated plumes emitted from these hot spots. We find that the net ecosystem COS uptake simulated by both ORCHIDEE and SiB4 is underestimated in winter at night, which suggests improvements in the parameterization of the nighttime uptake by plants for COS. In spring, SiB4 simulates persistent nighttime uptake by vegetation, which is different than ORCHIDEE, which leads to more realistic simulations with SiB4 than with ORCHIDEE. In summer, both models represent fluxes sufficiently well, with better agreement from ORCHIDEE in terms of magnitudes.</p

Modification of the mycobacteriophage Ms6 attP core allows the integration of multiple vectors into different tRNA(ala )T-loops in slow- and fast-growing mycobacteria

BACKGROUND: Mycobacteriophage Ms6 integrates into Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. bovis BCG chromosome at the 3' end of tRNA(ala )genes. Homologous recombination occurs between the phage attP core and the attB site located in the T-loop. Integration-proficient vectors derived from Ms6 are useful genetic tools, but their insertion sites in the BCG chromosome remain poorly defined. The primary objective of this study was to identify Ms6 target genes in M. smegmatis and BCG. We then aimed to modify the attP site in Ms6-derived vectors, to switch integration to other tRNA(ala )loci. This provided the basis for the development of recombinant M. bovis BCG strains expressing several reporter genes inserted into different tRNA(ala )genes. RESULTS: The three tRNA(ala )genes are highly conserved in M. smegmatis and BCG. However, in the T-loop of tRNA(alaU )and tRNA(alaV )containing the attB site, a single base difference was observed between the two species. We observed that the tRNA(alaU )gene was the only site into which Ms6-derived integration-proficient vectors integrated in M. smegmatis, whereas in BCG, the tRNA(alaV )gene was used as the target. No integration occurred in the BCG tRNA(alaU )T-loop, despite a difference of only one base from the 26-base Ms6 attP core. We mutated the attP core to give a perfect match with the other tRNA(ala )T-loops from M. smegmatis and BCG. Modification of the seven-base T-loop decreased integration efficiency, identifying this site as a possible site of strand exchange. Finally, two Ms6 vectors were constructed to integrate two reporter genes into the tRNA(alaU )and tRNA(alaV )T-loops of the same BCG chromosome. CONCLUSION: Small changes in the 7 bp T-loop attP site of Ms6 made it possible to use another attB site, albeit with a lower integration efficiency. These molecular studies on BCG tRNA(ala )genes made it possible to create valuable tools for the site-directed insertion of several genes in the same BCG strain. These tools will be useful for the development of novel multivalent vaccines and genetic studies

Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria

Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species1. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe1,2. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia bce, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia3. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.This project was funded by the National Science Foundation, grants BCS-2141896 and BCS-1528698; the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme, grants 851511-MICROSCOPE (to S. Schiffels), 771234-PALEoRIDER (to W.H.) and starting grant 805268-CoDisEASe (to K.I.B.); and the ERC starting grant Waves ERC758967 (supporting K. Nägele and S.C.). We thank the Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean for supporting M. Michel, E. Skourtanioti, A.M., R.A.B., L.C.B., G.U.N., N.S., V.V.-M., M. McCormick, P.W.S., C.W. and J.K.; the Kone Foundation for supporting E.K.G. and A.S.; and the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Helsinki for grants to E.K.G. A.S. thanks the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation, the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Academy of Finland, the Life and Health Medical Foundation and the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. M.C.B. acknowledges funding from: research project PID2020-116196GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; the Spanish Ministry of Culture; the Chiang Ching Kuo Foundation; Fundación Palarq; the EU FP7 Marie Curie Zukunftskolleg Incoming Fellowship Programme, University of Konstanz (grant 291784); STAR2-Santander Universidades and Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports; and CEI 2015 project Cantabria Campus Internacional. M.E. received support from the Czech Academy of Sciences award Praemium Academiae and project RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague. This work has been funded within project PID2020-115956GB-I00 ‘Origen y conformación del Bronce Valenciano’, granted by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain, and grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MZI187236), Research Nova Scotia (RNS 2023-2565) and The Center for Health Research in Developing Countries. D.K. is the Canada research chair in translational vaccinology and inflammation. R.L.K. acknowledges support from a 2019 University of Otago research grant (Human health and adaptation along Silk Roads, a bioarchaeological investigation of a medieval Uzbek cemetery). P.O. thanks the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Academy of Finland. S. Peltola received support from the Emil Aaltonen Foundation and the Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation. D.C.S.-G. thanks the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/061). E.W.K. acknowledges support from the DEEPDEAD project, HERA-UP, CRP (15.055) and the Horizon 2020 programme (grant 649307). M. Spyrou thanks the Elite program for postdocs of the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung. Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society

La fouille des caves du Monoprix, boulevard Sébastopol, Paris 2e arrondissement : Découverte du cimetière de l'hôpital médiéval et moderne de la Trinité : poster

National audienceLes caves du Monoprix, situé boulevard Sébastopol à Paris, ont fait l'objet d'une fouille en 2015. L'abaissement du niveau de sol d'une partie des caves du deuxième sous-sol a entraîné la découverte de nombreux ossements humains liés au cimetière de l’hôpital de la Trinité. Ces recherches permettent d’étudier, pour la première fois à Paris, un contexte hospitalier au sein même de la ville qui abritait plusieurs établissements de ce type

Synthèse des données archéo-anthropologiques

National audienceUn ouvrage consacré aux fouilles de l'église Saint-Rieul à Louvres et aux tombes franques de prestiges qui constituent aujourd'hui le cœur des collections du musée. Dans un ouvrage richement illustré et accessible à tous, le musée ARCHÉA revient sur ces fouilles dévoilant quinze siècles d’inhumations sous le sol de l’ancienne église. Au fil des pages, les études archéologiques et anthropologiques se mêlent aux données historiques et culturelles, mettant particulièrement en lumière la conquête de l’Île-de-France par les Francs, dont la nécropole constitue un précieux témoignage. L’ouvrage consacre une large part aux collections conservées à ARCHÉA, en particulier le mobilier des tombes franques de prestige. Ces objets bénéficient ici d’une étude inédite par des spécialistes du premier Moyen Âge

L'origine de la nécropole : présentation des différentes phases d'inhumation (Ve-XIXe siècle)

National audienceUn ouvrage consacré aux fouilles de l'église Saint-Rieul à Louvres et aux tombes franques de prestiges qui constituent aujourd'hui le cœur des collections du musée. Dans un ouvrage richement illustré et accessible à tous, le musée ARCHÉA revient sur ces fouilles dévoilant quinze siècles d’inhumations sous le sol de l’ancienne église. Au fil des pages, les études archéologiques et anthropologiques se mêlent aux données historiques et culturelles, mettant particulièrement en lumière la conquête de l’Île-de-France par les Francs, dont la nécropole constitue un précieux témoignage. L’ouvrage consacre une large part aux collections conservées à ARCHÉA, en particulier le mobilier des tombes franques de prestige. Ces objets bénéficient ici d’une étude inédite par des spécialistes du premier Moyen Âge

Deux dépôts humains atypiques dans un silo du IX^e siècle. Acte de violence ou châtiment judiciaire ?

International audienceEn 2004, la fouille de Villiers-le-Bel, dans le département du Val d’Oise au nord-ouest de l’Île-de-France, a permis la découverte d’un habitat du premier Moyen Âge (ixe s.) et de deux dépôts humains dans un silo 1. L’habitat est organisé de manière “classique“: excavées et sur poteaux, des structures d’habitation et d’artisanat sont bien délimitées en petites unités par un réseau fossoyé. Le silo 1441 (fig. 1) se trouve globalement au centre de l’enclos fossoyé principal. Encerclé de bâtiments, il est situé dans un espace peu occupé et est assez précisément daté par un important ensemble céramique trouvé dans son comblement et attribué à la première moitié du ixe s. Il se démarque des autres fosses par la découverte dedifférents restes osseux humains portant des traces d’interventions anthropiques. Ces lésions sont principalement de l’ordre de la découpe et, d’une nature peu fréquente voire inédite, posent des questions sur les gestes ayant engendré de telles injures corporelles.Nous présenterons successivement les deux sujets et formulerons, pour chacun d’eux, des hypothèses sur les pratiques et les gestes auxquels ils ont été confrontés. Nous verrons ensuite comment d’autres exemples archéologiques contemporains, ainsi qu’une analyse du contexte historico-judiciaire, peuvent aider à la compréhension de ces cas singuliers

La fouille de l'église Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul à Gonesse (Val-d'Oise)

National audienceL’église Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul de Gonesse a fait l’objet d’une fouille archéologique menée par l’Inrap entre 2011 et 2013. Une importante occupation funéraire, comprise entre le VIe et le XVIIIe siècle après J.-C., a notamment été mise au jour. Au total, les 315 squelettes découvertsont pu être rattachés à cinq phases d’inhumation grâce à plusieurs éléments : la stratigraphie, des datations radiocarbone 14, la diversité desmodes d’inhumation et l’organisation spatiale des tombes selon les périodes. Ces données ont permis de mettre en évidence les pratiquesfunéraires propres à chacune de ces différentes phases d’occupation. L’étude et l’analyse de ce site apportent ainsi des connaissances inéditessur les pratiques religieuses et mortuaires des époques médiévale et moderne à Gonesse