Prinsip-Prinsip Ekonomi Syari’ah

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the experience of the system adopted by the Indonesian state having two economic policies. The research method is library (Library research). Source data (primary) in the form of books relating to Islamic thought models and complementary (secondary) data to interpret source data in the form of magazines, newspapers relating to the title to be discussed. The results of this study discuss Islamic Economics; the existence of Islamic economic principles in Indonesia which are based on five universal values namely; The principles of monotheism, Adl, Nubuwwah, Khilafah and Ma'ad and the existence of Islamic economic law are the Principle of Representative (Khalifah), The Principle of Amar Ma'ruf Nahy Munkar, Amar Ma'ruf , The Principle of Tazkiyah, tazkiyah , The Principle of Falah, is the concept of success human beings., The Principle of Honesty and Truth, this principle is reflected in every transaction that must be firm, clear, and certain both the goods and the price

Emergency and critical care services in Tanzania: a survey of ten hospitals.

While there is a need for good quality care for patients with serious reversible disease in all countries in the world, Emergency and Critical Care tends to be one of the weakest parts of health systems in low-income countries. We assessed the structure and availability of resources for Emergency and Critical Care in Tanzania in order to identify the priorities for improving care in this neglected specialty. Ten hospitals in four regions of Tanzania were assessed using a structured data collection tool. Quality was evaluated with standards developed from the literature and expert opinion. Important deficits were identified in infrastructure, routines and training. Only 30% of the hospitals had an emergency room for adult and paediatric patients. None of the seven district and regional hospitals had a triage area or intensive care unit for adults. Only 40% of the hospitals had formal systems for adult triage and in less than one third were critically ill patients seen by clinicians more than once daily. In 80% of the hospitals there were no staff trained in adult triage or critical care. In contrast, a majority of equipment and drugs necessary for emergency and critical care were available in the hospitals (median 90% and 100% respectively. The referral/private hospitals tended to have a greater overall availability of resources (median 89.7%) than district/regional hospitals (median 70.6). Many of the structures necessary for Emergency and Critical Care are lacking in hospitals in Tanzania. Particular weaknesses are infrastructure, routines and training, whereas the availability of drugs and equipment is generally good. Policies to improve hospital systems for the care of emergency and critically ill patients should be prioritised

Prevalence of High Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Its Risk Factors Among Adults Attending Government Primary Health Clinics in Kuantan

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder with recurrent episodes of apnoea or hypopnoea occurring during sleep. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is no applicable study that assesses the risk for OSA at the primary care level. This study aims to assess the prevalence of risk for OSA and its associated risk factors among adults attending primary care clinics. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 252 adults attending four Klinik Kesihatan in Kuantan, Pahang. A self-administered validated Malay version of the Berlin Questionnaire was used to screen for the High Risk of OSA. The statistical analyses were done using t-statistics and chi-squared test then proceeded with binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 53.3. Most of the respondents were male (54%), Malay (87.7%), and married (79.4%). The prevalence of High Risk for OSA was 32.9%. Among these, 94% of them presented with snoring and 16.9% presented with excessive daytime sleepiness. The risk factors that were significantly associated with High Risk of OSA includes younger age (AOR=0.951 CI=0.923-0.980); higher Body Mass Index (BMI) classification with obese type 1 (AOR=2.604 CI=1.278-5.308), obese type 2 (AOR=3.882 CI=1.078-13.975) and obese type 3 (AOR=6.800 CI=1.164-39.717); higher neck circumference (AOR=1.109 CI=1.007-1.221); hypertension (AOR=2.297 CI=1.122-4.702); and hypercholesterolaemia (AOR=2.040 CI=1.050-3.965). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one-third of the adults attending primary health clinics were at High Risk for OSA. Screening for OSA was recommended particularly among those of younger age, higher BMI classification, and with co-morbidities

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: The Reliability, Sensitivity and Specificity of the Nerve Root Sedimentation Sign

Introduction: This study is to evaluate the reliability, sensitivity and specificity of nerve root sedimentation sign (NRS) in our populations. The NRS is a radiological sign to diagnose lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). It is claimed to be reliable with high sensitivity and specificity. Materials and Methods: A total of 82 MRI images from 43 patients in Group A (LSS) and 39 patients in Group B (non LSS) were analysed and compared for the presence of the NRS sign. Two assessors were used to evaluate intra and inter-assessor reliability of this sign based on 56 (33 patients, Group A and 23 patients, Group B). The findings were statistically analysed using SPSS software. Results: There was a significant association between spinal claudication and leg numbness with LSS (p<0.001 and Kappa=0.857, p<0.001). The inter-assessor reliability was also good (Kappa of 0.786, p<0.001). Conclusion: The NRS sign has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing LSS. The sign also has good intra and inter-assessor reliability

Hemorrhage-Adjusted Iron Requirements, Hematinics and Hepcidin Define Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia as a Model of Hemorrhagic Iron Deficiency

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia remains a major global health problem. Higher iron demands provide the potential for a targeted preventative approach before anemia develops. The primary study objective was to develop and validate a metric that stratifies recommended dietary iron intake to compensate for patient-specific non-menstrual hemorrhagic losses. The secondary objective was to examine whether iron deficiency can be attributed to under-replacement of epistaxis (nosebleed) hemorrhagic iron losses in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The hemorrhage adjusted iron requirement (HAIR) sums the recommended dietary allowance, and iron required to replace additional quantified hemorrhagic losses, based on the pre-menopausal increment to compensate for menstrual losses (formula provided). In a study population of 50 HHT patients completing concurrent dietary and nosebleed questionnaires, 43/50 (86%) met their recommended dietary allowance, but only 10/50 (20%) met their HAIR. Higher HAIR was a powerful predictor of lower hemoglobin (p = 0.009), lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (p<0.001), lower log-transformed serum iron (p = 0.009), and higher log-transformed red cell distribution width (p<0.001). There was no evidence of generalised abnormalities in iron handling Ferritin and ferritin(2) explained 60% of the hepcidin variance (p<0.001), and the mean hepcidinferritin ratio was similar to reported controls. Iron supplement use increased the proportion of individuals meeting their HAIR, and blunted associations between HAIR and hematinic indices. Once adjusted for supplement use however, reciprocal relationships between HAIR and hemoglobin/serum iron persisted. Of 568 individuals using iron tablets, most reported problems completing the course. For patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, persistent anemia was reported three-times more frequently if iron tablets caused diarrhea or needed to be stopped. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: HAIR values, providing an indication of individuals' iron requirements, may be a useful tool in prevention, assessment and management of iron deficiency. Iron deficiency in HHT can be explained by under-replacement of nosebleed hemorrhagic iron losses

Performance of beeswax phase change material (PCM) and heat pipe as passive battery cooling system for electric vehicles

© 2020 The Authors. Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere and the scarcity of fossil fuel sources have encouraged car manufacturers to develop more environmentally friendly electric vehicles (EVs). The technology advancements of EVs - those with battery systems in particular - have increased their travel distances. Therefore, increasing and maintaining the battery capacity is a key concern in the development of sustainable EVs. In this study, passive cooling systems were constructed with a heat pipe and phase change material (PCM), and their performances were investigated with battery simulators. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of the cooling system and to identify the optimal PCM (beeswax or Rubitherm RT 44 HC) for a temperature range of 25-55 °C. The use of a heat pipe could decrease the battery temperature by 26.62 °C under a 60 W heat load compared to the case without passive cooling system. Furthermore, the addition of RT 44 to a heat pipe resulted in a maximal temperature decrease of 33.42 °C. Thus, an RT 44 HC is more effective than beeswax because its melting temperature lies within the recommended range of the battery working temperature, and its latent heat allows the absorption of more heat compared to beeswax

Scaled momentum distributions for K-S(0) and Λ /̄ Λ in DIS at HERA

Scaled momentum distributions for the strange hadrons K0S and Λ/Λ¯ were measured in deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 330 pb−1. The evolution of these distributions with the photon virtuality, Q 2, was studied in the kinematic region 10 < Q 2  < 40000 GeV2 and 0.001 < x < 0.75, where x is the Bjorken scaling variable. Clear scaling violations are observed. Predictions based on different approaches to fragmentation were compared to the measurements. Leading-logarithm parton-shower Monte Carlo calculations interfaced to the Lund string fragmentation model describe the data reasonably well in the whole range measured. Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations based on fragmentation functions, FFs, extracted from e + e − data alone, fail to describe the measurements. The calculations based on FFs extracted from a global analysis including e + e −, ep and pp data give an improved description. The measurements presented in this paper have the potential to further constrain the FFs of quarks, anti-quarks and gluons yielding K0S and Λ/Λ¯ strange hadrons

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Drug Utilization on Neonatal Wards: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Despite limited evidence on safety and efficacy of drug use in neonates, drugs are extensively used in this age group. However, the availability of information on drug consumption in neonates, especially inpatient neonates, is limited. This paper systematically reviews published studies on drug utilization in hospitalized neonates. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify observational studies published from inception of databases used till August 2016. Four search engines, namely Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed, were used. Publications written in English that described drug utilization in neonatal wards were selected. Assessment of the data was based on the category of the study design, the objective of study and the method used in reporting drug consumption. A total of 20 drug utilization studies were identified, 12 of which focused on all drug classes, while the other eight evaluated antimicrobials. Studies were reported in Europe (n = 7), the United States (n = 6), India (n = 5), Brazil (n = 1), and Iran (n = 1). Substantial variance with regard to study types (study design and methods), data source, and sample size were found among the selected studies. Of the studies included, 45% were cross-sectional or retrospective, 40% were prospective studies, and the remaining 15% were point prevalence surveys. More than 70% of the studies were descriptive studies, describing drug consumption patterns. Fifteen per cent of the descriptive studies evaluated changes in drug utilization patterns in neonates. Volume of units was the most prevalent method used for reporting all drug categories. The ATC/DDD system for reporting drug use was only seen in studies evaluating antimicrobials. The most commonly reported drugs across all studies are anti-infectives for systemic use, followed by drugs for the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the respiratory system. Ampicillin and gentamicin were the most prescribed antimicrobials in hospitalized neonates. The present review reveals that neonates are exposed to a high number of drugs and various methods are used to report drug consumption in this age group. The best measure of drug consumption to quantify prevalence of drug use in neonates remains to be identified and additional research in this area is warranted

Self-Powered 6LoWPAN Sensor Node for Green IoT Edge Devices

Copyright © 2020 The Authors. In this paper, a simulation model and practical testbed for green Internet of Things (IoT) edge devices are proposed based on solar harvester with constant voltage-maximum power point tracking (CV-MPPT) technique. Billions of connected edge devices represent the essential part of the IoT through the IP-enabled sensor networks based on IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In traditional IoT edge devices, the stored energy in the non-rechargeable battery determines the node lifetime while it is being depleted with time. Therefore, purchasing billions of such batteries is costly and must be disposed of efficiently. This paper is aimed at simulating and implementing a new class of green IoT edge devices that can report data wirelessly and powered perpetually using clean energy. The developed edge device utilizes solar energy harvesting mechanism through photovoltaic (PV) module, this approach will avoid periodical battery replacement and hence, the energy supplied to the sensor mode is not limited anymore. The implemented testbed is based on open-source hardware and software platforms while the simulation environment is based on MATLAB/SIMULINK 2019a. The effects of temperature and solar irradiance on the performance of the developed approach are examined in order to confirm the leverage of the proposed methodology scheme. The lifetime of the developed green IoT device is predicted based on the device's activities, current consumption, and energy storage capacity. The obtained results showed that the battery lifetime is extended by 38-49% when the edge device runs on an independent power source