Migration as a Substitute for Informal Activities: Evidence from Tajikistan

How is migration related to informal activities? They may be complementary since new migrants may have difficulty finding employment in formal work, so many of them end up informally employed. Alternatively, migration and informality may be substitutes since migrants' incomes in their new locations and income earned in the home informal economy (without migration) are an imperfect trade-off. Tajikistan possesses both a very large informal sector and extensive international emigration. Using the gap between household expenditure and income as an indicator of informal activity, we find negative significant correlations between informal activities and migration: the gap between expenditure and income falls in the presence of migration. Furthermore, Tajikistan's professional workers ability to engage in informal activities enables them to forgo migration, while low-skilled non-professionals without post-secondary education choose to migrate instead of working in the informal sector. Our empirical evidence suggests migration and informality substitute for one another.remittances, migration, informal, Tajikistan

Migration, education and the gender gap in labour force participation

Women who want to work often face many more hurdles than men. This is true in Tajikistan where there is a large gender gap in labour force participation. We highlight the role of two factors - international migration and education - on the labour force participation decision and its gender gap. Using probit and decomposition analysis, our investigation shows that education and migration have a significant association with the gender gap in labour force participation in Tajikistan. International emigration from Tajikistan, in which approximately 93.5% of the participants are men, reduces labour force participation by men domestically; increased female education, especially at the university and vocational level, increases female participation. Both women acquiring greater access to education and men increasing their migration abroad contribute to reducing the gender gap

Migration as a substitute for informal activities: Evidence from Tajikistan

How is migration related to informal activities? They may be complementary since new migrants may have difficulty finding employment in formal work, so many of them end up informally employed. Alternatively, migration and informality may be substitutes since migrants' incomes in their new locations and income earned in the home informal economy (without migration) are an imperfect trade-off. Tajikistan possesses both a very large informal sector and extensive international emigration. Using the gap between household expenditure and income as an indicator of informal activity, we find negative significant correlations between informal activities and migration: the gap between expenditure and income falls in the presence of migration. Furthermore, Tajikistan's professional workers ability to engage in informal activities enables them to forgo migration, while low-skilled non-professionals without post-secondary education choose to migrate instead of working in the informal sector. Our empirical evidence suggests migration and informality substitute for one another

Ethnic Goods and Immigrant Assimilation

Some immigrants try to keep their ethnicity hidden while others become ever deeply more mired in their home culture. We argue that among immigrants this struggle manifests itself in the ethnic goods they choose to consume. Different types of ethnic goods have vastly different effects on immigrant assimilation. We develop a simple theoretical model useful for capturing the consequences of this struggle, illustrating it with examples of Central Asian assimilation into the Muscovite economy

Migration as a substitute for informal activities: Evidence from Tajikistan

How is migration related to informal activities? They may be complementary since new migrants may have difficulty finding employment in formal work, so many of them end up informally employed. Alternatively, migration and informality may be substitutes since migrants' incomes in their new locations and income earned in the home informal economy (without migration) are an imperfect trade-off. Tajikistan possesses both a very large informal sector and extensive international emigration. Using the gap between household expenditure and income as an indicator of informal activity, we find negative significant correlations between informal activities and migration: the gap between expenditure and income falls in the presence of migration. Furthermore, Tajikistan's professional workers ability to engage in informal activities enables them to forgo migration, while low-skilled non-professionals without post-secondary education choose to migrate instead of working in the informal sector. Our empirical evidence suggests migration and informality substitute for one another

Hepatitis C: Current State and Prospects

Among viral hepatitis with parenteral transmission, hepatitis C is the most significant health problem. First of all, this is due to the global spread of infection, a high incidence rate, a tendency to form chronic forms of infection leading to cirrhosis, primary liver cancer; hepatitis C virus is capable of affecting many human organs and tissues. At the same time, there is still no vaccine against this infection in practical healthcare, and the medications used today are still ineffective, expensive and not harmless to human health. There is an urgent need to monitor infection, to develop new methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hepatitis C. This review presents data on the characteristics of the causative agent of hepatitis C, presents the features of the spread of the virus and its genotypes in the world, including in Uzbekistan, the results of clinical studies, recent data on the epidemiology of infection

On the Galilean invariance of some dispersive wave equations

Surface water waves in ideal fluids have been typically modeled by asymptotic approximations of the full Euler equations. Some of these simplified models lose relevant properties of the full water wave problem. One of them is the Galilean symmetry, which is not present in important models such as the BBM equation and the Peregrine (Classical Boussinesq) system. In this paper we propose a mechanism to modify the above mentioned classical models and derive new, Galilean invariant models. We present some properties of the new equations, with special emphasis on the computation and interaction of their solitary-wave solutions. The comparison with full Euler solutions shows the relevance of the preservation of Galilean invariance for the description of water waves.Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, 71 references. Other author papers can be downloaded at http://www.denys-dutykh.com

Water, Energy, and Food Nexus in the Amu-Darya River Basin: Analysis of Water Demand and Supply Management Infrastructure Development at Transboundary Level

The levels of cooperation in efforts towards transboundary water management in the Aral Sea basin have ranged from high to low over the past few decades, due in part to diverse purposes for water use in the region. Two important and often conflicting uses are agriculture and hydropower, which tend to align by sector with national boundaries. Successful management and development of water resources of the Amu-Darya River, one of the two main rivers of the basin, will require building closer cooperation among states. Improvement in cooperative efforts, in turn, will require both water supply-oriented infrastructure development (such as dams and reservoirs), and demand-oriented infrastructure development (such as improvement of water conveyance in irrigation canals). The goal of this research was to evaluate four alternative scenarios for water, energy, and food security that could be achieved by the riparian states, as well as the sustainability dimensions of development of these infrastructures. The four scenarios were based on different combinations of infrastructure development, operational modes of upstream reservoirs, and piping of irrigation canals. For this purpose, the Interdisciplinary Nexus Sustainability Assessment Framework (INSAF) was developed that incorporates assessment of changes in WEF security for riparian states and Bio-physical, Socio-economic, and Geo-political dimensions of infrastructure development in the Amu-Darya River basin. The results of the research indicate that application of both a supply and demand management approach to water resources management and development increases the “basket of benefits” for water, energy, and food security achievements, and has a potential to improve cooperation and sustainable basin development by reducing tensions linked with water allocation and timing of water use in the basin

Description of the inelastic collision of two solitary waves for the BBM equation

We prove that the collision of two solitary waves of the BBM equation is inelastic but almost elastic in the case where one solitary wave is small in the energy space. We show precise estimates of the nonzero residue due to the collision. Moreover, we give a precise description of the collision phenomenon (change of size of the solitary waves).Comment: submitted for publication. Corrected typo in Theorem 1.

Post-Boycott Legitimacy Repair in Global Supply Chains : The Re-engagement of Uzbekistan’s Textile Industry

Uzbekistan’s cotton and textile sector is emerging from an NGO-led eleven-year boycott that successfully ended state-imposed forced labour but left new challenges for reintegration into Western supply chains. This study examines the boycott’s unintended consequences and how to ethically re-engage. We identify multifaceted barriers - including skill and quality gaps, weak local institutions, and enduring reputational stigma - that hinder Uzbek firms’ re-entry. We also outline stakeholder-recommended strategies such as international certifications, independent monitoring, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and capacity-building. The concept of post-boycott “legitimacy repair” and “remedial isomorphism” are introduced, offering insightsinto managing supply chain reintegration after such sanctions