Food Security Status and Its Determinants among Rural Households in Oda Bultum District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Food security is one of the critical concerns and top priority of policy agenda for developing countries. Having clear picture on food security status and its determinants helps policy makers to devise appropriate policies that enhance food security. Hence, this study aims to determine the food security status of the households, status, gap and severity of food insecurity among rural households and its determinants in Oda Bultum district of West Hararghe zone, Oromia National Regional State. The data for this study were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from randomly selected 365 sample households by using multistage sampling procedure and secondary data were obtained from various sources. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) and probit model. The survey results indicated that 38.9% sampled households were food secured whilst 61.1% were food insecure. Further analysis of Probit regression revealed that; sex of household head, educational level, household size, donkey ownership, cash crop production, off/non-farm income, income, access to irrigation and frequency of extension contact significantly increased probability of being food secure. This study recommends that rural households should be encouraged to increase off/non-farm income, work on household size by applying family planning, increasing frequency of extension contact, increasing cash crop productivity, increasing access to irrigation, increasing income, donkey possession and improvement of the educational level for the household heads in order to enhance households’ food security status in the study area. Keywords: Food security, Agro-pastoralist, Sedentary farming, Probit, Oda Bultum DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-17-03 Publication date:September 30th 202

Uigurin alueen Lopnorin murre : Kuvaileva analyysi

In this corpus-based study, I have developed a comprehensive grammatical description of the Lopnor dialect of Uyghur, which is an endangered Turkic variety spoken in the northwestern part of China. This dissertation consists of a description of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the Lopnor dialect. This study is based on several field trips to the Lopnor region of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. All examples in the dissertation are taken from the texts which I am going to publish on the online corpus. My intention to work on this topic is to document this endangered regional variety of Uyghur before it disappears and to provide reliable data for the scholars who are interested in the comparative study of Turkic languages. It might also give some interesting information for linguists who are working on endangered Turkic varieties and language contact issues. The texts collected in the Lopnor region may also contribute to the historical and cultural study of the region. In chapter one, a discussion is initiated on the historical background of the region where the Lopnor dialect is spoken. Then, the previous studies on this dialect, current language situation and the reasons for further investigation are described. In the last section of this chapter, the sources of the data, and the methods employed in the fieldwork are provided. Chapter two is the description of the phonological system of this dialect. It starts with the phonetic realization of the distinctive segments and their allophones. Then, the syllable structure of the Lopnor dialect is discussed very briefly. Vowel harmony, which is an important feature of the Lopnor dialect, is discussed in a separate section. The last section provides a description of the diachronic processes in the Lopnor dialect. Chapter three presents the morphological system of the Lopnor dialect, including a discussion of some special derivative suffixes in the Lopnor dialect. Then, the different categories of inflectional suffixes and their rules for suffixation in this dialect are distinguished. Chapter four pertains to the syntactic structure of phrases, clauses and sentences in the Lopnor dialect. All examples in this chapter are glossed and translated into English. In the last chapter, the unique and the shared linguistic features of the Lopnor dialect are discussed. This chapter ends with the author s conclusions and opinions on the position of the Lopnor dialect.Olen kehittänyt tässä korpuspohjaisessa tutkielmassa kattavan kieliopillisen kuvauksen Uigurin alueen Lopnorin murteesta, joka on vaarannettu turkinkielen sekoitus, ja jota puhutaan Kiinan luoteisessa osassa. Tämä diplomityö koostuu Lopnorin murteen fonologian, morfologian ja syntaksin kuvauksesta. Tämä tutkielma perustuu useaan Lopnorin alueen kenttämatkaan Kiinan Xinjiangin Uigurien autonomisella alueella. Kaikki diplomityön esimerkit on otettu tekstistä, jonka julkaiset online korpuksessa. Tarkoitukseni tässä teemassa työskentelyllä on dokumentoida tämä vaarannettu Uigurin alueellinen sekoitus ennen sen häviämistä ja antaa luotettavaa tietoa niille akateemikoille, jotka ovat kiinnostuneita Turkin kielten yleisestä tutkimuksesta. Se saattaa myös antaa mielenkiintoista tietoa kielentutkijoille, jotka työskentelevät vaarannetujen Turkin kieltenmuunnosten ja kielen yhteysongelmien kanssa. Lopnorin alueella kerätyt tekstit saattavat myös edistää alueen historiallista ja kulttuurillista tutkimusta. Kappaleessa yksi perehdytään keskusteluun sen alueen historiallisesta taustasta, missä Lopnorin murretta puhutaan. Tämän jälkeen kuvataan tämän murteen aikaisempia tutkimuksia, nykyistä kielen tilannetta ja lisätutkimuksien syistä. Kappaleen viimeisessä jaksossa annetaan tietojen lähteistä ja käsitellään kenttätyön aikana sovellettuja menetelmiä. Kappale kaksi on koostuu tämän murteen fonologisten järjestelmien kuvauksesta. Se alkaa tunnusomaisten segmenttien foneettisesta toteuttamisesta sekä niiden allofoneista. Sitten keskustellaan Lopnorin murteen tavurakenteesta hyvin lyhyesti. Vokaalin harmonia, joka on Lopnorin murteen tärkeä piirre, tulee käsitellyksi eri jaksossa. Viimeinen jakso antaa kuvan diakronisesta prosessista Lopnorin murteessa. Kappale kolme kuvaa Lopnorin murteen morfologista järjestelmää, sekä joitakin erikoisia Lopnorin murteen derivatiivisia suffikseja käsitellään. Tämän jälkeen tunnistetaan taivutusliitteiden eri kategoriat sekä niiden säännöt tämän murteen suffiksaatiolle. Kappale neljä koskee lausekkeiden, lauselmien ja lauseiden syntaktista rakennetta Lopnorin murteessa. Kaikki esimerkit tässä kappaleessa on selitetty ja käännetty englannin kielelle. Viimeisessä kappaleessa keskustellaan Lopnorin murteen ainutlaatuisesta ja yhteisestä kielellisestä piirteestä. Tämä kappale päättyy kirjoittajan loppupäätelmiin ja mielipiteeseen Lopnorin murteen asemasta

American college of radiology appropriateness criteria ® treatment of stage I T1 glottic cancer

Background Controversy surrounds the appropriate therapy for T1 glottic cancer. Both transoral endolaryngeal resection and radiation offer excellent local control and voice quality; some lesions are best addressed with resection and others with radiation. Methods The American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria are evidence‐based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development includes an analysis of current literature from peer reviewed journals and the well‐established “modified Delphi” consensus methodology to rate the appropriateness of treatment. Where evidence is not definitive, expert opinion informed recommendations. Results The ACR Expert Panel on Radiation Oncology – Head and Neck Cancer developed consensus recommendations for treatment of T1 glottic cancer. Treatment planning is complex and decisions nuanced. Conclusion Best treatment for a particular cancer cannot be defined without consideration of the lesion's location, extent, depth of invasion, and quality of surgical exposure during direct laryngoscopy. © 2013 American College of Radiology. Head & Neck © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36 : 3–8, 2014Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102052/1/hed23381.pd

A Study on the Old Uyghur Wall Inscription of the Donor of Cave 409 of the Mogao Grottoes

In 1982, Takao Moriyasu, a Japanese scholar, first suggested that the portrait of the male donor in Cave 409 of the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes belonged to a king of the West Uyghurs. In 2000, he published an article reaffirming his stance, citing similarities to Uyghur donor portraits in the Bezeklik Caves of Turfan, Xinjiang. In 2006, he deciphered an Old Uyghur word il (~ el) in the inscription attached to the donor portrait in Cave 409, and dated the inscription to the West Uyghur period. In 2014, Dai Matsui further deciphered the Old Uyghur inscription as el arslan xan män sävg(i), leading to the supposition that a visitor named Sävgi had visited Dunhuang during Mongol times and identified the portrait as that of the West Uyghur king, El Arslan xan. As a result of our fieldwork and ultraviolet photography, we were able to detect more words in the inscription and revise Matsui's previous reading. In particular, the name of the Uyghur king should be modified to el almïš tun tägin ïduq tängri qutï. This revision is minor but provides a solid base for further analysis of the identity of the Uyghur King in Cave 409