Diffusion of a nano-wire through an obstacle field

We report the first experimental realization of a rod diffusing in a two dimensional obstacle field following the single rod dynamics. We use a silver nanowire as our rod and two types of obstacles: repelling light beams and polymer pillars. We study the effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the transport of the rod, comparing both experimental realizations and recent simulations. We propose a new framework for analyzing the transport through such systems and predict a new superdiffusive regime of rod transport at high obstacle concentration and short times.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, in press in PRE rapid communications, 201

Pengakuan Masyarakat Adat Tentang Hak Ulayat

Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana eksistensi masyarakat adat dan hukum adat di Indonesiadan bagaimana pengakuan hak ulayat masyarakat adat dalam hukum pertanahan serta bagaimana keberadaan hak ulayat masyarakat adat sebagai hak asasi manusia dalam konstitusi di indonesi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Eksistensi masyarakat adat dan hukum adat di Indonesia setidak-tidaknya dapat dilihat dari dua hukum adat sampai saat ini masih relevan untuk dipertahankan sebagai hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia. Bentuk sosiologis masyarakat hukum adat yang majemuk menjadikan hukum yang berlaku tentu saja bersifat majemuk pula, dan hukum yang majemuk tersebut menunjukkan kepribadian asli bangsa Indonesia yang multikultur. Di samping itu argument yuridis, di mana pengakuan terhadap keberlakuan hukum adat secara normatif telah diatur sejak dari masa Hindia Belanda dalam Pasal 131 ayat (2) sub b Indische Staatsregering yang menyatakan, bagi golongan bumi putera (pribumi) berlaku hukum adatnya. Kemudian pengakuan secara yuridis terhadap keberlakuan masyarakat hukum adat dalam Amandemen Kedua UUD 1945 menjadikan keberadaan hukum adat di Indonesia semakin kukuh, karena telah dianggap sebagai hak konstitusional warga negara yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat hukum adat. 2. Dalam UUPA dinyatakan bahwa hukum tanah didasarkan pada hukum adat. Dapat diartikan bahwa segala sesuatu mengenai pertanahan harus digali dari hukum adat. 3. Dinamika konstitusional Indonesia memperlihatkan pasang surut diskursus tentang hak ulayat. Tetapi dalam tataran gerakan, perjuangan hak-hak masyarakat adat semakin menguat baik secara nasional maupun Internasional

Enhancing higher order thinking skills through mathematical thinking in an outside classroom learning environment: a theoretical framework

Emphasis on enhancing students’ higher order thinking skills (HOTS) has been one of the objectives of Malaysian education system. The success of HOTS depends upon an individual’s ability to create complex ideas, reorganize and embellish knowledge in the context of thinking situation. Generating HOTS in learning Mathematics starts from the process itself involving various processes of mathematical thinking. However, the inculcation of HOTS using mathematical thinking in normal Malaysian classroom setting is rather limited and often inadequate. Furthermore, it is much less practised in an outside classroom environment. Therefore, learning activities which can promote the inculcation of mathematical HOTS should be developed and implemented in the process of teaching and learning of mathematics. This paper reports an attempt to design and develop a framework aimed at promoting mathematical HOTS among Malaysian secondary schools. The framework uses appropriate questions and prompts to support each of the four Mason’s mathematical thinking processes practised in an outside classroom environment

Promoting higher order thinking skills through outside classroom strategy in learning mathematics

Mathematics is based on observations of assorted patterns with logically thinking that leads to various theories of abstract relations (Vale, 2012). The thinking process involves the skills of mathematical reasoning and creative thinking (Brodie, 2010). In Malaysia, mathematics education was introduced formally to each student since at early age. Mathematics has train them to think logically and systematically in solving problems and decision makings which can make them better in higher order thinking skills (HOTS). However, the process of learning and teaching in Malaysia secondary schools are still conventional (Bakar & Hadi, 2011; Hamdi et al., 2012). Teachers are prefer to choose traditional methods in order to manage the students easily (Rozita Radhiah & Abdul Rasid, 2012). If these situation are still adopted in Malaysia schools, the HOTS will not expanding as our wish as in the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Malaysia Education Blueprint, 2013). In addition, most of the students think that mathematics is abstract (Pound, 2008). Therefore, according to research by Gainsburg (2008), they are an urgency of connecting mathematics in schools with real life situations. Outside classroom learning is a real learning where the students can involve and discover with their direct experience (Moffett, 2011). One of real life situations learning strategy is learning at outside classroom setting, which focusing on the use of learning techniques of 'hands-on ' and actively participating in the activity to gain knowledge (Waite, 2010). Students must put into practice ‘in the real world’ what they have theorized about. Beside that the learning can become inherently student-centered when moved from the boundaries of the classroom into the world at large. Therefore in this study, the researcher plan to integrate the strategy of learning outside the classroom in Mathematics learning to give students the chances to relate their theoretical into practical in real life situation

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) polymorphism relevant to inflammatory disease shapes the peptidome of the birdshot chorioretinopathy-associated HLA-A∗29:02 Antigen

Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare ocular inflammation whose genetic association with HLA-A∗29:02 is the highest between a disease and a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It belongs to a group of MHCI- Associated inflammatory disorders, also including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and Behç et's disease, for which endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAP) 1 and/or 2 have been identified as genetic risk factors. Since both enzymes are involved in the processing of MHC-I ligands, it seems reasonable that common peptide- mediated mechanisms may underlie the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this study, comparative immunopeptidomics was used to characterize >5000 A∗29:02 ligands and quantify the effects of ERAP1 polymorphism and expression on the A∗29:02 peptidome in human cells. The peptides predominant in an active ERAP1 context showed a higher frequency of nonamers and bulkier amino acid side chains at multiple positions, compared with the peptides predominant in a less active ERAP1 background. Thus, ERAP1 polymorphism has a large influence, shaping the A∗29:02 peptidome through length-dependent and length-independent effects. These changes resulted in increased affinity and hydrophobicity of A∗29:02 ligands in an active ERAP1 context. The results reveal the nature of the functional interaction between A∗29:02 and ERAP1 and suggest that this enzyme may affect the susceptibility to birdshot chorioretinopathy by altering the A∗29:02 peptidome. The complexity of these alterations is such that not only peptide presentation but also other potentially pathogenic features could be affectedThis work was supported by grants SAF2011/25681 (Plan Nacional de I+D+i) to JALC, Binational Science Foundation Grant 2009393 to AA, and an institutional grant of the Fundacion Ramon Areces to the CBMS

Minority Access to Higher Education and its Social Outcomes

The social disadvantage of minority groups has been attributed to their inability to compete in the labor market due to lower rates of obtaining higher credentials, compared with middle-class Whites. During the 70’s and the 80’s, several large-scale policies attempted to promote minority access to higher education. This paper reviews two of these policies – the CUNY open admissions and the expansion of community colleges – and suggests that even though minority access to higher education has increased, this increase was counterbalanced by a rise in internal stratification within higher education. As a result, increased access did not generate equality of opportunit