Determinantes del comportamiento sexual y reproductivo de las y los adolescentes en colegios urbanos y rurales de la Ciudad de Macas. Ecuador 2014

Antecedentes: Los elementos determinantes de la salud sexual y reproductiva en los adolescentes son variables, y podría estar condicionando mayores tasas de patologías y embarazos no deseados en esta población joven. Objetivo: Identificar los determinantes del comportamiento sexual y reproductivo en los adolescentes de los colegios Urbanos y Rurales de la Ciudad de Macas. Método y materiales: Se trató de un estudio descriptivo llevado a cabo en los colegios 27 de Febrero, 29 de Mayo, Colegio Don Bosco, Técnico Nacional Macas, Unidad Educativa Eloy Alfaro y Unidad Educativa María Auxiliadora, se recogió información de estudiantes entre 10-19 años, tras la obtención del consentimiento informado, se aplicó una encuesta elaborada por el proyecto CERCA. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa SPSS 15 donde se realizaron tablas de frecuencia. Resultados esperados: La media de edad fue de 16,23 años, DE=1,48 años; el 53,2% fue de sexo femenino; se presentaron buenas condiciones de convivencia con padres, vivienda y servicios básicos; el 1,1% de estudiantes no profesan ninguna religión; la fecundidad familiar tuvo una media de 5,04 hijos con un DE=2,4; los indicadores de autoestima y percepción de genero fueron elevadas, el 42,4% no maneja información sobre sexualidad, tampoco la buscan 27,4%, la fuente de información es el internet 39,3%; el 47,6% hablan con los padres de sexualidad, siendo la madre la que más mencionan; el 37,7% ya ha tenido relaciones sexuales y el 36,8% no utiliza método anticonceptivo. Conclusiones: Los adolescente están expuestos varios determinantes que influyen en su comportamiento sexual y reproductivo por lo que se debe evaluar estas situaciones y plantear intervenciones.Background: The most important elements in the sexual and reproductive health of the teenagers are very variables it could be the reason to get higher tases of pathologies and unwanted pregnancies in this poblation. Objective: Identify the caracteristics of the sexual and reproductive behavior in the teenagers that study in urban and rural high schools in Macas city. Methods And Materials: It is about a descriptive study made in 27 de Febrero, 29 de Mayo, Don Bosco, Técnico Nacional Macas, Eloy Alfaro and María Auxiliadora high schools. The information is from teenagers between 10 – 19 years, with the informed consent. This poblational group took a survey that was made by CERCA proyect. The analysis was made with SPSS program with frequency tables. Results: The middle age was 16,23 years, SD: 1,48 years; 53,2% are women; the study found good live conditions with parents, housing and basic services; the 1,1% of the students don´t have any religion; the familiar fertility had a media of 5,04 childs with a SD of 2,4, the self-esteem and perception of gender was higher, the 42,4% doesn´t know about sexuality and don´t search it eighter 27,4%, the most of the information comes by the internet 39,3%. The 47,6% talks with their parents about sexuality, the mother is the most common person who talks about it. The 37,7% already had sexual intercourses and the 36,8% don’t use any contraceptives methods. Conclusions: The teenagers are expoused to many determinants that influence in their sexual and reproductive´s behavior that is why is necessary to evaluate this situations and make some interventions.MédicoCuenc

A dynamical framework for the origin of the diagonal South Pacific and South Atlantic convergence zones

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) are diagonal bands of precipitation that extend from the equator southeastward into the Southern Hemisphere over the western Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, respectively. With mean precipitation rates over 5 mm day−1, they are a major component of the tropical and global climate in austral summer. However, their basic formation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, a conceptual framework for the diagonal convergence zones is developed, based on calculations of the vorticity budget from reanalysis and Rossby wave theory. Wave trains propagate eastward along the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet, with initially quasi-circular vorticity centres. In the zonally sheared environment on the equatorward flank of the jet, these vorticity centres become elongated and develop a northwest-southeast tilt. Ray tracing diagnostics in a non-divergent, barotropic Rossby wave framework then explain the observed equatorward propagation of these diagonal vorticity structures toward the westerly ducts over the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic. The baroclinic component of these circulations leads to destabilisation and ascent ahead of the cyclonic vorticity anomaly in the wave, triggering deep convection because of the high sea surface temperatures in this region. Latent heat release then forces additional ascent and strong upper-tropospheric divergence, with an associated anticyclonic vorticity tendency. A vorticity budget shows that this cancels out the advective cyclonic vorticity tendency in the wave train over the SPCZ, and dissipates the wave within a day. The mean SPCZ is consequently comprised of the sum of these pulses of diagonal bands of precipitation. Similar mechanisms also operate in the SACZ. However, the vorticity anomalies in the wave trains are stronger, and the precipitation and negative feedback from the divergence and anticyclonic vorticity tendency are weaker, resulting in continued propagation of the wave and a more diffuse diagonal convergence zone

On the affinities of lambda 5778 and other broad diffuse interstellar bands

The authors examined the broad band 5778 A because of the quantity and quality of data that exists in literature. To investigate the affinity of that band with the bands of Family 1, the ratio W(sub lambda)(4430)/W(sub lambda)(5797) was formed. If the two band belong to the same family then the ratio should be a constant from star to star and it should not be possible to find an independent variable with which the ratio is correlated. If, however, a variable is found which does produce a statistically significant correlation with the ratio of equivalent widths then the bands cannot be in the same family. To test the affinity of the band at 5778 A with the other families the procedure was repeated using the bands at 5780 and 5787 A as being representative of Families 2 and 3 respectively. The measurement results of this test are shown using 21 stars taken from Herbig. Statistically significant correlations resulted when the band at 5778 A was tested against the bands of Families 1 and 2 but there was no correlation with Family 3. It is concluded that lambda 5778 is unlikely a member of Family 1 and so all the broad bands do not have their origin in a single carrier. Also, lambda 5778 does not appear to be a member of Family 2 either, but may be a member of Family 3. It appears that either a single carrier can be the origin of both broad and narrow bands or that the bands are produced by different carriers which exist in similar interstellar habitats. This latter possibility would require the introduction of a fourth family of bands

COMPLEMENT FACTOR B IS A DETERMINANT OF BOTH METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR FEATURES OF METABOLIC SYNDROME

CFB (complement factor B) is elevated in adipose tissue and serum from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but the causal relationship to disease pathogenesis is unclear. Cfb is also elevated in adipose tissue and serum of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, a well-characterized model of metabolic syndrome. To establish the role of CFB in metabolic syndrome, we knocked out the Cfb gene in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cfb−/− rats showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, redistribution of visceral to subcutaneous fat, increased adipocyte mitochondrial respiration, and marked changes in gene expression. Cfb−/− rats also had lower blood pressure, increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and reduced left ventricular mass. These changes in metabolism and gene expression, in adipose tissue and left ventricle, suggest new adipose tissue-intrinsic and blood pressure-independent mechanisms for insulin resistance and cardiac hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. In silico analysis of the human CFB locus revealed 2 cis-regulated expression quantitative trait loci for CFB expression significantly associated with visceral fat, circulating triglycerides and hypertension in genome-wide association studies. Together, these data demonstrate a key role for CFB in the development of spontaneously hypertensive rat metabolic syndrome phenotypes and of related traits in humans and indicate the potential for CFB as a novel target for treatment of cardiometabolic disease

Vaccine hesitancy: nurturing confidence in vaccine hesitant consumers

Vaccine hesitancy is a global challenge reported in more than 90% of countries1and identified as one of the 10 greatest threats to global health.Vaccine hesitancy as defined by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunisation is: The delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services. Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context specific, varying across time, place, and vaccines. It is influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience, and confidence

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Investigations into the Divergent, Biogenically Inspired Synthesis of Structurally Related Natural Products

Natural products are pivotal in the development of new pharmaceutical agents as they may possess novel mechanisms of actions, inherent to their structural framework. Such intriguing metabolites are of interest to various fields of research, such as pharmacology, biochemistry and total synthetic chemistry. Perhaps the most compelling synthetic method is found with the biomimetic approach, which in addition to affording the natural product of interest in an efficient manner, such strategies may also offer insight into a given metabolite’s biosynthetic origins. This thesis will detail our investigations into the biogenic origins of two structural related families of natural products via a biomimetic total synthetic approach. The total synthesis of the structurally related marine natural products from Aka coralliphaga, has been achieved via a biogenically inspired divergent approach. This divergent strategy detailed siphonodictyal B as the biogenic precursor to liphagal, corallidictyals A – D and siphonodictyals B1 – B3. We report the successful total synthesis and stereochemical reassignment of siphonodictyal B, in accordance with our proposal. Additionally, the total synthesis of liphagal and the corallidictyals A – D was achieved directly fromour confirmed reassigned configuration of siphonodictyal B. We propose these transformations of siphonodictyal B to liphagal and the corallidictyals, detailed within this work, are representative of biosynthetic reactions that occur within the host organism, Aka coralliphaga. Progress towards the biogenically inspired, total synthesis of virgatolide B has been made. Our method sought to afford virgatolide B via a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between a Z-exocyclic enol ether dienophile and an o-QM, generated in situ from an analogue of pestaphthalide A. Synthesis of the key biogenic precursors, that would in our opinion be representative of those that may occur in nature, was been achieved. However, upon investigating various thermal and basic conditions, synthesis of virgatolide B could not be achieved. Despite our failed attempts at synthesising virgatolide B, we still assert that the virgatolides A – C are biosynthesised in nature via a divergent, [4 + 2] cycloaddition of an appropriate Z-exocyclic enol ether with an o-QM derived from either of the co-isolated pestaphthalides A or B.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 201

Precipitation sensitivity to autoconversion rate in a numerical weather-prediction model

Aerosols are known to significantly affect cloud and precipitation patterns and intensity, but these interactions are ignored or very simplistically handled in climate and numerical weather-prediction (NWP) models. A suite of one-way nested Met Office Unified Model (UM) runs, with a single-moment bulk microphysics scheme was used to study two convective cases with contrasting characteristics observed in southern England. The autoconversion process that converts cloud water to rain is directly controlled by the assumed droplet number. The impact of changing cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) on cloud and precipitation evolution can be inferred through changes to the autoconversion rate. This was done for a range of resolutions ranging from regional NWP (1 km) to high resolution (up to 100 m grid spacing) to evaluate the uncertainties due to changing CDNC as a function of horizontal grid resolution. The first case is characterised by moderately intense convective showers forming below an upper-level potential vorticity anomaly, with a low freezing level. The second case, characterised by one persistent stronger storm, is warmer with a deeper boundary layer. The colder case is almost insensitive to even large changes in CDNC, while in the warmer case a change of a factor of 3 in assumed CDNC affects total surface rain rate by ~17%. In both cases the sensitivity to CDNC is similar at all grid spacings <1 km. The contrasting sensitivities of these cases are induced by their contrasting ice-phase proportion. The ice processes in this model damp the precipitation sensitivity to CDNC. For this model the convection is sensitive to CDNC when the accretion process is more significant than the melting process and vice versa

Consensus Statement on the Pathology of IgG4-Related Disease

IgG4-related disease is a newly recognized fibro-inflammatory condition characterized by several features: a tendency to form tumefactive lesions in multiple sites; a characteristic histopathological appearance; and—often but not always—elevated serum IgG4 concentrations. An international symposium on IgG4-related disease was held in Boston, MA, on 4–7 October 2011. The organizing committee comprising 35 IgG4-related disease experts from Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Holland, Canada, and the United States, including the clinicians, pathologists, radiologists, and basic scientists. This group represents broad subspecialty expertise in pathology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, allergy, immunology, nephrology, pulmonary medicine, oncology, ophthalmology, and surgery. The histopathology of IgG4-related disease was a specific focus of the international symposium. The primary purpose of this statement is to provide practicing pathologists with a set of guidelines for the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease. The diagnosis of IgG4-related disease rests on the combined presence of the characteristic histopathological appearance and increased numbers of IgG4+ plasma cells. The critical histopathological features are a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, a storiform pattern of fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. We propose a terminology scheme for the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease that is based primarily on the morphological appearance on biopsy. Tissue IgG4 counts and IgG4:IgG ratios are secondary in importance. The guidelines proposed in this statement do not supplant careful clinicopathological correlation and sound clinical judgment. As the spectrum of this disease continues to expand, we advocate the use of strict criteria for accepting newly proposed entities or sites as components of the IgG4-related disease spectrum

BoBBLE: ocean-atmosphere interaction and its impact on the South Asian monsoon

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) plays a fundamental role in controlling the weather systems that make up the South Asian summer monsoon system. In particular,the southern BoB has cooler sea surface temperature (SST) that influence ocean-atmosphere interaction and impact on the monsoon. Compared to the southeast, the southwestern BoB is cooler, more saline, receives much less rain, and is influenced by the Summer Monsoon Current(SMC). To examine the impact of these features on the monsoon, the BoB Boundary Layer Experiment (BoBBLE) was jointly undertaken by India and the UK during June–July 2016. Physical and bio-geochemical observations were made using a CTD, five ocean gliders, a uCTD, a VMP, two ADCPs, Argo floats, drifting buoys, meteorological sensors and upper air radiosonde balloons. The observations were made along a zonal section at 8◦N between 85.3◦E and 89◦E with a 10-day time series at 89◦E, 8◦N. This paper presents the new observed features of the southern BoB from the BoBBLE field program, supported by satellite data. Key results from the BoBBLE field campaign show the Sri Lanka Dome and the SMC in different stages of their seasonal evolution and two freshening events during which salinity decreased in the upper layer leading to the formation of thick barrier layers. BoBBLE observations were taken during a suppressed phase of the intraseasonal oscillation; they captured in detail the warming of the ocean mixed layer and preconditioning of the atmosphere to convection