Etude de cas : méthodes de planification des programmes de santé communautaire et accès à l’eau potable en milieu rural en Haïti

Notre expérience en Haïti de la programmation de projets, impliquant l’ONG Concern World Wide, le Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP) et la communauté locale bénéficiaire du projet, a suivi successivement un « cadre logique » puis des approches participatives pour définir une action de santé communautaire. Ce projet était implanté à Saut d’Eau, l’une des 12 communes du Département du centre, qui couvre le Plateau Central, une région essentiellement rurale. La Commune de ..

Developing a competency-based curriculum in HIV for nursing schools in Haiti

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Preparing health workers to confront the HIV/AIDS epidemic is an urgent challenge in Haiti, where the HIV prevalence rate is 2.2% and approximately 10 100 people are taking antiretroviral treatment. There is a critical shortage of doctors in Haiti, leaving nurses as the primary care providers for much of the population. Haiti's approximately 1000 nurses play a leading role in HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment. However, nurses do not receive sufficient training at the pre-service level to carry out this important work.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To address this issue, the Ministry of Health and Population collaborated with the International Training and Education Center on HIV over a period of 12 months to create a competency-based HIV/AIDS curriculum to be integrated into the 4-year baccalaureate programme of the four national schools of nursing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a review of the international health and education literature on HIV/AIDS competencies and various models of curriculum development, a Haiti-based curriculum committee developed expected HIV/AIDS competencies for graduating nurses and then drafted related learning objectives. The committee then mapped these learning objectives to current courses in the nursing curriculum and created an 'HIV/AIDS Teaching Guide' for faculty on how to integrate and achieve these objectives within their current courses. The curriculum committee also created an 'HIV/AIDS Reference Manual' that detailed the relevant HIV/AIDS content that should be taught for each course.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>All nursing students will now need to demonstrate competency in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, skills and attitudes during periodic assessment with direct observation of the student performing authentic tasks. Faculty will have the responsibility of developing exercises to address the required objectives and creating assessment tools to demonstrate that their graduates have met the objectives. This activity brought different administrators, nurse leaders and faculty from four geographically dispersed nursing schools to collaborate on a shared goal using a process that could be easily replicated to integrate any new topic in a resource-constrained pre-service institution. It is hoped that this experience provided stakeholders with the experience, skills and motivation to strengthen other domains of the pre-service nursing curriculum, improve the synchronization of didactic and practical training and develop standardized, competency-based examinations for nursing licensure in Haiti.</p

Analyse d’implantation d’initiatives d’amélioration continue de la qualité des soins aux personnes vivant avec le VIH en Haïti

Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre le processus d’implantation des initiatives d’amélioration de la qualité des soins en Haïti. Un programme national d’amélioration continue de la qualité, HEALTHQUAL-Haïti, a été choisi pour la réalisation d’une analyse d’implantation. Pour être systématique dans cette recherche évaluative, le modèle logique du programme d’amélioration continue de la qualité (PACQ) HEALTHQUAL-Haïti a été réalisé. Ce modèle a permis par la suite de poser les bonnes questions pour déterminer le degré de mise en œuvre de HEALTHQUAL-Haïti. Puis les facteurs qui ont facilité ou entravé la mise en œuvre du PACQ ont été analysés. Il s’agit d’une thèse par article. Trois (3) articles constituent le cœur de cette thèse : le premier présente le processus d’élaboration du modèle logique de HEALTHQUAL-Haïti ; le second apprécie le degré de mise en œuvre du programme HEALTHQUAL-Haïti ; le troisième présente les facteurs qui influencent le degré de mise en œuvre de HEALTHQUAL-Haïti. Ce dernier montre un cadre conceptuel avec différentes perspectives théoriques pour expliquer la mise en œuvre du programme HEALTHQUAL-Haïti tenant compte de la réalité empirique. Des facteurs externes et des facteurs internes influencent la mise en œuvre du programme HEALTHQUAL : les facteurs externes, particulièrement les caractéristiques des réseaux, la capacité de négociation, la capacité de mobilisation de ressources, la capacité de vaincre les résistances au changement, l’héritage politique, les normes institutionnelles, la situation socio-politique du pays et des facteurs internes comme le leadership partagé, l’appropriation du processus par les acteurs, le jeu de pouvoir, l’apprentissage organisationnel, la structure organisationnelle, le degré de motivation des prestataires, la culture des prestataires et la disponibilité des ressources. Un résultat fondamental, c’est que les modèles du changement, pris de façon isolée, n’expliquent que partiellement la mise en œuvre. Par ailleurs, c’est une configuration de facteurs tant externes qu’internes qui déterminent le degré de mise en œuvre à un moment donné. Sept (7) modèles du changement ont été retenus : le modèle politique, néo-institutionnel, psychologique, de l’apprentissage organisationnel, du développement organisationnel, le modèle structurel et le modèle rationnel. La culture organisationnelle interagit avec les variables des différents modèles du changement soit pour faciliter ou entraver la mise en œuvre du programme HEALTHQUAL. Ces différentes combinaisons de facteurs forment des archétypes, qui, à un moment donné, déterminent le degré d’implantation du programme HEALTHQUAL.This thesis aims to better understand the process of implementing initiatives to improve the quality of care in Haiti. We have chosen a national continuous quality improvement program, HEALTHQUAL-Haïti, to conduct an implementation analysis using case studies. To be systematic in our evaluative research, we first produced the logic model of the Continuous Quality Improvement Program, HEALTHQUAL-Haiti. This model then allowed us to ask the right questions and select the right variables to analyze the degree of implementation of HEALTHQUAL-Haïti. We then looked at the factors that facilitated or hindered the implementation of the HEALTHQUAL-Haiti program. We have opted for a thesis by articles. Three (3) articles constitute this thesis: The first presents the process of developing the logical model of HEALTHQUAL-Haiti; the second assesses the degree of implementation of the HEALTHQUAL-Haiti program; the third presents the factors that influence the degree of implementation of HEALTHQUAL-Haiti. This last one describes a conceptual framework taking into account different theoretical perspectives to explain the implementation of the HEALTHQUAL-Haïti program. External and internal factors influence the implementation of the HEALTHQUAL program: external factors, particularly the characteristics of networks, negotiation capacity, capacity to mobilize resources, capacity to overcome resistance to change, political heritage, institutional norms, socio-political situation of the country, and internal factors such as shared leadership, ownership of the process by actors, power, organizational learning, organizational structure, level of motivation of providers, culture of providers, and availability of resources. What has been found is that models of change, taken in isolation, only partially explain implementation. Furthermore, we observed that it was a configuration of both external and internal factors that determined the degree of implementation at any given time. The different variables or concepts of seven models of change were considered: the political, neo-institutional, psychological, organizational learning, organizational development, structural and rational models. Organizational culture interacts with the variables of the different change models either to facilitate or hinder the implementation of the HEALTHQUAL program. These different combinations of factors form archetypes, which at any given time determine the implementation of the HEALTHQUAL program

DNA grafting on silicon nanonets using an eco-friendly functionalization process based on epoxy silane

International audienceA new glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) deposition process using chemical vapor phase at ambient pressure in anhydrous atmosphere has been successfully implemented on Si nanonets which are randomly oriented Si nanowire (NW) networks. As a result, a covalent grafting of DNA probes followed by DNA hybridization could be obtained. Compared to the usually used deposition of GOPS in liquid phase, this process is shorter in time, toxic solvent-free, with the same or better efficiency. Moreover, this simple, fast and eco-friendly functionalization process can advantageously replace the previously studied amino-propyltriethoxysilane (APTES) deposition process and is therefore well adapted for the fabrication of Si nanonet based DNA biosensors

Analysis of implementation outcomes of quality improvement initiatives in Haiti: the fingerprint initiative

Objective.To assess the process and outcomes of the implementation of an electronic fingerprint initiative as part of quality improvement in three health facilities in the Northern Department of Haiti, in terms of its acceptability, adoption, feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability. In Haiti, poor attendance of the healthcare workforce is a nationwide problem, closely related to the quality of care. Three health institutions have tried to implement an electronic fingerprint system to monitor and improve attendance.Methods.An exploratory and qualitative descriptive study of the implementation outcomes of the fingerprint initiative. It was based on semi-structured interviews and one group discussion using purposeful sampling techniques to recruit participants, and an open coding system and deductive approach to analyze the data using ATLAS.ti 8.Results.The fingerprint initiative was successfully implemented in a non-governmental organization supported health facility but, despite some planning, it was never implemented in the public health facilities. The acceptability of the implementation was high in the not-for-profit organization and low in the public settings, mostly in relation to the presence of champions and the leadership at each health facility.Conclusions.We recommend more involvement of the leadership of health facilities in the different phases of the implementation process in order to guarantee acceptability, adoption, fidelity and sustainability. More research is needed to articulate this technology-driven initiative in the Haitian health system.</p

Stakeholders’ recommendations for implementing HIV self-testing and secondary distribution of HIV self-testing for male partners of Option B+ clients in Haiti as an assisted partner service strategy: a qualitative study

Abstract Background Despite significant public health efforts, HIV testing remains low among men in Haiti. HIV self-testing (HIVST), which allows people to test in private, is an effective strategy for increasing HIV testing among men. Secondary distribution of HIVST to male partners of women living with HIV (WLWH) is one promising assisted partner services strategy to address the low HIV testing rate among men in Haiti. However, little research has been conducted on how to implement HIVST in the Caribbean. The purpose of this study was to assess stakeholders’ perspectives towards HIVST and to obtain their recommendations for how to implementing HIVST in Haiti to reach male partners of Option B+ clients. Methods Sixteen key informant interviews and nine focus groups with 44 healthcare workers (HCWs), 31 Option B+ clients, and 13 men were carried out in Haiti. Key informants were representatives of the Ministry of Health and of a non-governmental agency involved in HIV partner services. HCWs included program leads and staff members from the HIV care and treatment program, the Option B+ program, the community health service program, and the HIV counseling and testing services from 2 hospitals. Results Perceived HIVST advantages included an increase in the number of people who would learn their HIV status and start treatment. Perceived disadvantages were lack of support to ensure self-testers initiate treatment, uncertainty about male partner’s reaction, risk of violence towards a woman by a man after having received an HIVST kit from her, and the inability of a woman to counsel a man in case his self-test result is positive. Recommendations for implementing HIVST and secondary distribution of HIVST included coupling HIVST distribution with public information, education, and communication through media and social marketing; relying on community health workers to mediate the use of HIVST and ensure linkage to care; and piloting HIVST programs on a small scale. Conclusions HIVST is an appropriate and feasible HIV prevention strategy for men and women. Our findings indicate that more research is needed to determine and pilot how best to implement HIVST and secondary distribution of HIVST by Option B+ clients in Haiti.</jats:p

Local and national stakeholders' perceptions towards implementing and scaling up HIV self-testing and secondary distribution of HIV self-testing by Option B+ patients as an assisted partner service strategy to reach men in Haiti.

HIV self-testing (HIVST), which allows people to test in private, is an innovative testing strategy that has been shown to increase HIV testing among men. Delivering HIVST kits to men via women is one promising assisted partner service strategy. Little research has been conducted on HIVST secondary distribution to men by women living with HIV (WLWH) in the Caribbean and other settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the perspectives of WLWH, their male partners, and healthcare professionals on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of HIVST, and recommendations for implementing HIVST in Haiti, with a focus on secondary distribution of HIVST to men by WLWH. Sixteen key informant interviews and nine focus groups with 44 healthcare workers, 31 Option B+ clients, and 13 men were carried out in Haiti. Key informants were representatives of the Ministry of Health and of a non-governmental agency involved in HIV partner services. Focus group members included program leads and staff members from the HIV care and treatment program, the Option B+ program, the community health service program, and the HIV counseling and testing services from 2 hospitals. Perceived HIVST advantage included an increase in the number of people who would learn their HIV status and start treatment. The perceived disadvantages were lack of support to ensure self-testers initiate treatment, uncertainty about male partner's reaction, risk of violence towards women delivering HIVST kits after receiving an HIVST kit from a woman, and the inability of women to counsel a man in case his self-test result is positive. Recommendations for integrating HIVST and secondary distribution of HIVST by WLWH included coupling HIVST distribution with public information, education, and communication through media and social marketing, relying on community health workers to mediate use of HIVST and ensure linkage to care, piloting HIVST programs on a small scale. HIVST is an appropriate and feasible strategy HIV prevention for men and women; however, more research is needed on how best to implement different strategies for this approach in the Caribbean