Restructuring economy in transition: The case of Croatia

In this paper the authors analyse the features of economic development of selected countries in transistion in the nineties. The emphasis is primarily given on countries in transition with highest achieved economic development level, and the Croatian economy is compared with economic features of those countries. Regarding the imnportance which the structural changes have in economic development, the authors analyse structural features of the former Croatian economic development, particularly industry as a predominant economic activity, consider development trendes of manufacturing industry and overall economy and the presumptions for the admission in the European Union.

Restructuring economy in transition: The case of Croatia

In this paper the authors analyse the features of economic development of selected countries in transistion in the nineties. The emphasis is primarily given on countries in transition with highest achieved economic development level, and the Croatian economy is compared with economic features of those countries. Regarding the imnportance which the structural changes have in economic development, the authors analyse structural features of the former Croatian economic development, particularly industry as a predominant economic activity, consider development trendes of manufacturing industry and overall economy and the presumptions for the admission in the European Union

KONSISTENSI PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH BERDASARKAN HIERARKI PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DALAM PRESPEKTIF POLITIK HUKUM

Pemerintah daerah merupakan perpanjangan tangan dari pemerintah pusat untuk menjalankan rodal pemerintahan guna mencapai tujuan bernegara. Dalaml mewujudkan pemerintahan daerah yangl efektif dan harmonis diperlukan peraturan daerah yang sejalan dengan substansil materi, hak asasi manusia, kepentingan umum dan tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan lain diatasnya. Terdapat bentuk hubungan komunikasi, konsultasi,klarifikasi Raperdal yang diterapkanl antara instansi Pemerintah dengan aparat didaerah yang selama ini masih kurang efektif, selainl itu optimalisasi yang miniml dari peran Gubernur dan Anggota Dewan dalam membinal dan mengawasi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan kabupaten/kota adalah salahl satu faktor yang menjadikan Perda tidak memiliki substansi yang jelas dan sesuai dengan kemanfaatannya. Disharmonisasi antarapemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah juga merupakan faktor penting di mana langkah pembinaan yangl dilakukan olehl instansi pusat kepada aparatur pemerintah daerahl dalam penyusunan Perda masihl dikatakan belum optimal danl merata sertal tidak adanya kerangka acuan yang jelasl bagi daerah mengenai tatal laksana harmonisasi Raperda sebagail salah satul instrumen pentingl dalam rangkal menjaga harmonisasi Perda denganlPeraturan lainnya. UU No.12 Tahunl 2011 telah memiliki rambul-rambu yang mengarahkan padal pentingnya harmonisasil PUU termasukl Perda. Kata Kunci: Konsistensi Peraturan Daerah, Hierarkhi Perundang-undangan,dan PolitikHukum

Short-term risk of anaemia following initiation of combination antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected patients in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia-Pacific, and central and South America

BACKGROUND:The objective was to examine the short-term risk and predictors of anaemia following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected patients from the Western Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, Asian-Pacific, and Caribbean and Central and South America regions of the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) collaboration. METHODS: Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin of = 10 g/dL, and had one or more follow-up haemoglobin tests. Factors associated with anaemia up to 12 months were examined using Cox proportional hazards models and stratified by IeDEA region. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2008, 19,947 patients initiated cART with baseline and follow-up haemoglobin tests (7358, 7289, 2853, 471, 1550 and 426 in the Western Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, Asian-Pacific, and Caribbean and Central and South America regions, respectively). At initiation, anaemia was found in 45% of Western Africa patients, 29% of Eastern Africa patients, 21% of Southern Africa patients, 36% of Central Africa patients, 15% of patients in Asian-Pacific and 14% of patients in Caribbean and Central and South America. Among patients with haemoglobin of > = 10 g/dL at baseline (13,445), the risks of anaemia were 18.2, 6.6, 9.7, 22.9, 11.8 and 19.5 per 100 person-years in the Western Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, Asian, and Caribbean and Central and South America regions, respectively. Factors associated with anaemia were female sex, low baseline haemoglobin level, low baseline CD4 count, more advanced disease stage, and initial cART containing zidovudine. CONCLUSIONS: In data from 34 cohorts of HIV-infected patients from sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, the risk of anaemia within 12 months of initiating cART was moderate. Routine haemoglobin monitoring was recommended in patients at risk of developing anaemia following cART initiation