Searching for a Cosmological Preferred Axis in complicated class of cosmological models:Case study f(R,T)f(R,T) model

Recent astronomical observations show that the universe may be anisotropic on large scales. The Union2 SnIa data hint that the universe has a preferred direction. If such a cosmological privileged axis indeed exists, one has to consider an anisotropic expanding Universe instead of the isotropic cosmological model. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the dark energy dipole in $f(R,T)=f_{1}(R)+f_{2}(T)$ Cosmological Model using three types of dipole fit (DF) method which are (I)dipole + monopole fitting for distance modulus(DMFDM), (II)dipole + monopole fitting for luminosity distance(DMFLD) and (III) general dipole fitting for luminosity distance(GDFLD). We have found the maximum anisotropic deviation direction for (DMFDM) method as $(l, b)=(315^{+25}_{-25},-23^{+14}_{-15})$, for (DMFLD) as $(l, b)=(l, b)=(315^{+35}_{-37},-23^{+18}_{-18})$, and for (GDFLD) method as $(l, b)=(317^{+32}_{-32},-23^{+18}_{-18})$ which are located very close to each other. We compare our model with the $CPL$, $\Lambda CDM$ and $\omega CDM$ models. Constraints on $(l, b)$ in $f(R, T)$ model are not much different from the cases of the $CPL$, $\Lambda CDM$ and $\omega CDM$ models. Moreover, the results are consistent with other studies.Comment: 40 page 25 fig. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1303.0961, arXiv:1302.1866, arXiv:1411.1466, arXiv:1107.5807, arXiv:1306.3164 by other author

Teoría del discurso: lenguaje, política y sociedad

This article tries to review definitions of discourse and origin and purposes of discourse analysis. It points out that discourse theory integrates language, power, ideology, politics, and society. Plus, it provides a dynamic domain to analyze social and political phenomena to prove that under the light of discourse theory it is possible to recognize the influences of language on the political and social life of nations.Este artículo trata de revisar las definiciones del discurso y el origen y los propósitos del análisis del discurso. Señala que la teoría del discurso integra el lenguaje, el poder, la ideología, la política y la sociedad. Además, proporciona un dominio dinámico para analizar fenómenos sociales y políticos para demostrar que, a la luz de la teoría del discurso, es posible reconocer las influencias del lenguaje en la vida política y social de las naciones

The survey of pedestrainization feasibility in urban spaces and its relationship with the citizens’ vivacity. Case study: The city of Birjand’s Hakim Nazari street

The current article aims at the survey of the feasibility of transforming Hakim Nazari Street to a walk way along with the social vivacity and it is seeking to find an answer to the question proposed in the current research project which states that “whether Hakim Nazari St. has the potential to be changed into a side walk causing a higher deal of social spirit?” and it is also in search of proving the study hypothesis  implying that “it seems that Hakiim Nazari St. is capable of being transformed into a side walk with social vivacity through taking all its potentials and capabilities into practical use”. Firstly, we deal with the survey of the specialized contexts and try to extract the scales and standards of building sidewalks feasibilities and likelihoods and its relation with the citizens’ vivacity through making use of a descriptive-analytical method and in the form of documentary-library researches and after that the extracted items have been investigated and evaluated through field studies and questionnaire and interviewing with the space users. The questionnaire has been designed structurally in two parts of pedestrian-oriented indicators and indices and the citizens’ vivacity and joyfulness and the questionnaires have been distributedin 6 days (all week days) and various hours (morning, noon, night) to 320 people from both male and female genders with an age range of 15 to 65 years and from different social classes and groups (residents, businessman and woman, space users) based on a systematic randomized method on the street and finally the questionnaires have been collected and the data extracted thence have been   analyzed. The current study indicates that Hakim Nazari Street based on thesidewalk indices and because of scoring 2.23 from the total of 3 points has the potential to be changed into a sidewalk and the study hyyupothesis has been  confirmed following the researches and investigations carried out.Keywords: building sidewalks, vivacity, urban spaces, Hakim Nazari Stree

THE NEXUS AMONG TOURISM, URBANISATION AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN SOUTH ASIA: A PANEL ANALYSIS

Purpose – Tourism and urbanisation are two significant determinants of economic growth and have been identified as top contributors to CO2 emissions. We examine the nexus among tourism, urbanisation, and CO2 emissions in South Asia by providing empirical evidence using panel data analysis. Design – Annual data from 1995-2019 is collected from the World Development Indicator 2020 for five South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Pakistan. Methodology – Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration and LM Bootstrap panel cointegration tests are conducted to check long-run cointegration. Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test is used to detect causal relationship among the variables. Moreover, the PDOLS, PMG ARDL, c-up FMOLS and Generalised Linear Model are used to estimate long-run coefficients of the variables. Findings – We reveal unidirectional causalities running from urbanisation to tourism, urbanisation to CO2 emissions, and tourism to CO2 emissions. Additionally, when heterogeneity of the variables is taken into account, both tourism and urbanisation show positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions in the long-run. Originality of the Research – To our knowledge, no previous study investigates the relationship among tourism, urbanisation and CO2 emissions is South Asia. Our results will guide policy makers to design policies that will promote urbanisation and tourism growth in an environmentally sustainable way

ISTRAŽIVANJE UTJECAJA SLOJEVITOSTI I ŠKRILJAVOSTI NA MEHANIČKO PONAŠANJE STIJENA METODOM DISKRETNIH ELEMENATA

Anisotropy and deformation in rock material is mainly caused by the non-uniformity and irregular geometry of fracture systems. This factor is among the important problems in designing and evaluating the stability of engineering structures. In this research, the mechanical behavior of layered and schistose rocks is investigated by conducting compressive uniaxial and triaxial strength laboratory tests on rock samples from different directions and angles varying with respect to the loading axis. The tests were carried out on intact blocks of quartz schist rock with 0° layering and invisible schistosity. Next, numerical modelling was performed using the discrete element method (DEM) and calibrating numerical models by laboratory tests. In this process, three types of connections between the minerals (i.e. mica-mica, mica-quartz, and quartz-quartz), the growth of cracks, and the fracture mechanism of layered rocks with different layering angles were investigated. The results showed that unlike the arrangement of the rock particles, the layering angle of quartz schist has an important effect on the mechanical properties of the rock in such a way that uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle respectively have the greatest effect due to the change of the layering angle, while the tensile strength has the least effect.Anizotropija i deformacije u stijenskome materijalu uglavnom su uzrokovane neujednačenošću i nepravilnom geometrijom loma. Ti čimbenci čine jedan od važnih problema u projektiranju i procjeni stabilnosti inženjerskih konstrukcija. U ovoj studiji istražuje se mehaničko ponašanje uslojenih i škriljastih stijena provođenjem laboratorijskih ispitivanja jednoosne tlačne ćvrstoće i čvrstoće u trosnome stanju na uzorcima stijena iz različitih smjerova i kutova koji se razlikuju u odnosu na os opterećenja. Ispitivanja su provedena na intaktnim uzorcima kvarcne stijene sa slojevitošću od 0° i manje uočljivom škriljavosti. Zatim je provedeno numeričko modeliranje metodom diskretnih elemenata (DEM) uz kalibraciju numeričkih modela na osnovi laboratorijskih ispitivanja. U tom procesu istražene su tri vrste veza između minerala (tj. tinjac – tinjac, tinjac – kvarc i kvarc – kvarc), progresija pukotina i mehanizam loma slojevitih stijena s različitim kutovima slojevitosti. Rezultati su pokazali da kut slojevitosti kvarcnoga škriljevca ima važan učinak na mehanička svojstva stijene za razliku od rasporeda čestica stijena. Tako da jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća, Youngov modul, kohezija i unutarnji kut trenja imaju najveći učinak zbog promjene kuta slojevitosti, a vlačna čvrstoća ima najmanji učinak