Inngifte og dets medisinske konsekvenser

Consanguinity and its Medical Consequences Project thesis by Zanira Yaqub Ansari School of Medicine, University of Oslo November 2008 Abstract Background: Consanguineous marriage, marriage between close biological relatives, is rare in Western societies. However, it is a common practise in several countries in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. Consanguineous marriage is also frequent in minorities in Norway emigrated from these countries. During the last decade, several studies have demonstrated that marriage between close biological relatives, especially first-cousin, increases the risk of various negative medical outcomes in the children. Material and methods: This thesis presents an overview of data from some of the main studies published on consanguineous marriage and its medical consequences, with a special focus on a report from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in 2007 on consanguineous marriage in Norway – prevalence and medical consequences. The literature was retrieved from a search in Pubmed and Medline and from relevant references found in the articles. Results: Consanguineous marriage has been shown to be associated with increased fertility. However, it also leads to increased risk of stillbirth, infant death, congenital birth defects and mortality after age 1. The risk for all these conditions is almost double (The risk for stillbirth is less than doubled, being doubled for congenital birth defects and more than doubled for infant death) among children of first cousins or closer compared to unrelated parents. Furthermore, there is also an increased risk of recurrence of all the medical consequences mentioned if the first born is affected, compared to the recurrence risk among unrelated parents. Discussion: Consanguineous marriage is uncommon among people of Norwegian descent and is not a significant cause of death and disease in children on a population level. Conversely, among immigrant communities in Norway, originating from countries where consanguineous marriage is common, parental consanguinity is a common cause of death and disease in the children. From a public health perspective, a reduction in the prevalence of consanguineous marriage would most likely reduce the amount of death and disease among children in those communities. Moreover, parental consanguinity is probably an important cause of death and disease globally, and information about the risks and change of marital practice in high frequency countries will have a greater effect on public health

Innføring av ny retningslinje for behandling av akillesseneruptur ved ortopedisk avdeling, Oslo Universitetssykehus Aker.

Bakgrunn: Akillesseneruptur har en insidens på ca 17 per 100.000 innbyggere i Norge. Akillesseneruptur kan enten behandles kirurgisk med sutur av senen eller konservativt med gips. Ved Oslo Universitetssykehus Aker (OUA) behandles paienter med akutt akillesseneruptur konservativt, mens kirurgi er førstevalg ved byens øvrige sykehus. Vi ønsket med denne oppgaven å studere kunnskapsgrunnlaget for hvilken av behandlingsformene som er best. Ettersom praksis er ulik ved OUA og de øvrige sykehusene, ønsket vi med dette å avdekke et kvalitetsforbedringspotensiale der praksis strider mot tilgjengelig evidensbasert litteratur. Kunnskapsgrunnlag: Vi har brukt en eksplisitt søkestrategi etter PICO-modellen. Vi valgte å søke etter informasjon i Medline, Cochrane, PubMed og uptodate.com. Det ble lagt mest vekt på systematiske oversikter og metaanalyser. Litteraturen konkluderer med at kirurgisk intervensjon etter akutt akillesseneruptur er fordelaktig i forhold til konservativ behandling hva angår reruptur. Kirurgisk intervensjon gir imidlertid en signifikant økt risiko for infeksjoner. Tiltak: På bakgrunn av det evidensbaserte kunnskapsgrunnlaget har vi konkludert med at operativ behandling er bedre enn konservativ behandling med hensyn til reruptur. Derfor har vi valgt å innføre operativ behandling av akillesseneruptur. Kontraindikasjoner mot operativ behandling er eksempelvis høy biologisk alder, inaktiv livsførsel, betydelig svekket allmennhelse, systemsykdom og inoperabel hud lokalt. En mulighet er å gjøre en RCT mellom OUA og de andre sykehusene, der en sammenlikner pasientene etter at de har gjennomgått den ene eller den andre behandlingsformen. Konklusjon: På bakgrunn av evidensbasert kunnskap mener vi at nye retningslinjer for behandling av akillesseneruptur bør innføres ved OUA. Dette gjelder i særlig grad for unge og aktive pasienter. Med innføring av operativ behandling av aktuelle pasienter ved OUA forventer vi en redusert andel rerupturer. Denne gevinsten synes å kunne oppveie en samtidig økning av andre komplikasjoner ifølge internasjonal litteratur på området. Pasientens eget ønske bør tas med i vurderingen

Simplified Irregular Beam Analysis and Design

This paper presents simple method to estimate the strength design of reinforced concrete beam sections based on structural safety and reliability. Irregular beam shaped sections are commonly used nowadays in the construction industry. This study reveals the simplified method to analyze and design the different irregular shaped beam sections. In this study, the selected irregular beam shaped sections are divided mainly into three groups, beams with straight edges, beams with sloped edges and circular beams. Each group contains the most commonly used beam shaped sections in that category. Six beams sections (B-1 to B-6) are selected for group-1 whereas five beam sections (B-7 to B-11) and a circular beam section (B-12) are chosen for group 2 and 3 respectively. Flexural beam formulas for three groups of reinforced concrete beams are derived based on section geometry and ACI building code of design. This study also analyzed numerical examples for some of the sections in each group category using the proposed simplified method to determine the strength design of the irregular beams. The results obtained using simplified method for all of the three groups are compared with the finite element software (SAP v2000). The percentage difference of simplified method with the finite element software ranges within 5% to 10%. This makes the simplified method for irregular shaped beam sections quite promising

Four-Face Heated Uniaxial Reinforced Concrete Columns Interaction Charts

This paper presents an analytical method for generating the interaction diagrams of uniaxially reinforced concrete (RC) columns that are subjected to four-face heating. Twenty-one (21) specimens obtained from previous case studies that were subjected to four-face heating (with different fire test times ranging from 63 to 356 fire minutes) are used to validate the proposed uniaxial interaction charts. The results obtained from the case studies and from the proposed charts are also compared with the finite element software (FIN EC). The 500°C isotherm as well as the zone method are used in the computer software program to find the required load capacities. The proposed method's values fall within the range of values obtained from laboratory tests and computer software, which suggests its validity. Also, the zone method in FIN-EC software is reliable for evaluating load-bearing capacity, while the 500°C method is useful in situations with shorter fire times. The results obtained provide a valuable tool for designing and evaluating structures that may be exposed to fire. Nonetheless, the study is restricted by its concentration on a particular type of column under four-face heating, which may reduce its relevance to other types of structures and heating situations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-07-01 Full Text: PD

Setaria cervi: enzymes of glycolysis and PEP-succinate pathway

Setaria cervi, the filarial parasite inhabiting the Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linn.) contained almost all the enzymes involved in glycogen degradation. Significant activities of glycogen phosphorylase, glucokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, FDP-aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were detected in cell-free extracts of whole worms. The presence of PEP-carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and fumarate reductase revealed the functioning of the PEP-succinate pathway in addition to phosphorylating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in the parasite. Excepting fumarate reductase all other enzymes were localized in the particulate-free cytosol fraction, although small amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were also detected in the mitochondrial fraction

Role of proximal tibial osteotomy in knee osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis is an inevitable consequence of aging and second only to cardiovascular diseases in producing severe chronic disability. Osteoarthritis is characterized by degenerative changes in articular cartilage of diarthrodial joints and subsequent new bone formation at the articular margin. It is the result of excessive aging that primarily produces an alteration in the ratio of total glycosaminoglycans to that of fiber content in the matrix. The aim was to evaluate the results of proximal tibial osteotomy in medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA) of knee in terms of relief of pain, range of movement, correction of deformity and functional outcomeMethods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 24 patients in the age range 54 to 70 years at the department of orthopedics, Era’s Lucknow Medical College from July 2014 to May 2016. The femorotibial angle was assessed radiologically. A written informed consent was obtained. A closed wedge osteotomy was done followed by rehabilitation programme.Results: It was concluded that proximal tibial osteotomy is a satisfactory alternative to joint replacement surgery in osteoarthritis limited to medial compartment of the knee in developing countries like India.Conclusions: The study concluded that proximal tibial osteotomy is a satisfactory alternative to joint replacement surgery when the disease is restricted to medial compartment of the knee.

Passive Micromixers

Micro-total analysis systems and lab-on-a-chip platforms are widely used for sample preparation and analysis, drug delivery, and biological and chemical syntheses. A micromixer is an important component in these applications. Rapid and efficient mixing is a challenging task in the design and development of micromixers. The flow in micromixers is laminar, and, thus, the mixing is primarily dominated by diffusion. Recently, diverse techniques have been developed to promote mixing by enlarging the interfacial area between the fluids or by increasing the residential time of fluids in the micromixer. Based on their mixing mechanism, micromixers are classified into two types: active and passive. Passive micromixers are easy to fabricate and generally use geometry modification to cause chaotic advection or lamination to promote the mixing of the fluid samples, unlike active micromixers, which use moving parts or some external agitation/energy for the mixing. Many researchers have studied various geometries to design efficient passive micromixers. Recently, numerical optimization techniques based on computational fluid dynamic analysis have been proven to be efficient tools in the design of micromixers. The current Special Issue covers new mechanisms, design, numerical and/or experimental mixing analysis, and design optimization of various passive micromixers

Factors Affecting Part-time Students Performance in Pakistan

This research is concerned about part-time student performance within higher educational institutions in Pakistan. Part-time students contain a significant share of the student population. In the perspective of working students as part-time studying, there are some significant factors that should be considered seriously to perform well. This research was examined to find the relationship of soft skills (motivation to learn, stress, time management) among part time-students’ performance in south Punjab of Pakistan. Primary data was collected from a sample of 140 part-time enrolled students. Correlation and regression analysis were tested in this research. The result showed that time management was the most significant factor of student performance. Same as stress has significant but negative correlation with student performance. The study concluded that these soft skills have significant importance with the part-time working student performance