A Comparison of Feature-Based and Neural Scansion of Poetry

Automatic analysis of poetic rhythm is a challenging task that involves linguistics, literature, and computer science. When the language to be analyzed is known, rule-based systems or data-driven methods can be used. In this paper, we analyze poetic rhythm in English and Spanish. We show that the representations of data learned from character-based neural models are more informative than the ones from hand-crafted features, and that a Bi-LSTM+CRF-model produces state-of-the art accuracy on scansion of poetry in two languages. Results also show that the information about whole word structure, and not just independent syllables, is highly informative for performing scansion.Comment: RANLP 201

Eskoziako gaelikoa: iragana eta oraina

Jarraian aurkeztuko dudan Gradu Amaierako Lanaren helburu nagusia Eskoziako gaelikoaren iragana eta oraina aztertzea izan da. Itzulpengintza eta Interpretazio Graduko ikasle naizenez, ez da harritzekoa hizkuntzekin lotutako gai bat jorratu izana, betidanik izan baitut hizkuntzenganako interesa. Gainera, euskal itzultzaile izango naizen aldetik, euskara ez den eremu urriko beste hizkuntza baten historia aztertzea lan interesgarria izan da. Metodologiari dagokionez, Umberto Eco-ren Cómo se hace una Tesis liburua izan da oinarria, eta hor ematen dituen argibideei jarraituz osatu da egitekoa. Lan hau ikerketa batean emaitza izan da. Lehenik eta behin, Europako eremu urriko hizkuntza bat aukeratu behar izan nuen, eta behin hautatutakoan lanari ekin nion. Aukeratutako hizkuntza Eskoziako gaelikoa izan zen. Aditu desberdinen liburuak informazio iturri nagusia izan dira. Gaian aditu diren ikerlariengana ere jo dut lana osatu asmoz informazioa bilatzeko, beraz, iturri desberdinak erabili ditut. Lehenengo bi ataletarako batez ere liburuetara jo dut, eta hirugarren eta laugarren atalak osatzeko, berriz, artikuluetara, ikerlariengana eta erakundeetara. Lehenengo atalean XVIII. mendera arte Eskoziako gaelikoak izan duen garapena aztertuko da, eta gizarteko alor desberdinak uztartuko dira, esaterako, hezkuntza, erlijioa eta abar. Aipatzekoa da XI. mendean gertatu zen gaelikoaren beherakada Eskozian Malcolm eta Margaret tronuan zeudela. Horiek ingelesaren aldeko jarrera zutenez, orduantxe beherakada hasi zen. Bigarren atalean XVIII. mendetik XXI. mendera bitarteko hizkuntzaren garapenean arreta jarriko da, aurreko atalean bezalaxe alor desberdinen inguruan azalpenak emanez. Garai honi buruz zerbait aipatzekotan XVIII. eta XIX. mendeetan Eskoziako Highlands-etan, edo gaelikoz A’ Ghàidhealtachd (Eskoziako Goierri) gertatu zen behartutako lekualdatzea da. Lekualdatze horiek Highland Clearances moduan ezagutzen dira, edo gaelikoz Fuadach nan Gàidheal. Gaelikoak bertan zuenez indar gehiena, hizkuntzaren kalterako suertatu ziren Highland Clearances. Ahaztu gabe 1872. urtean hezkuntzan ezarri zen legea, zeinak gaelikoa ikasgeletan debekatu zuen, modu horretan hizkuntzaren beherakada azkartu zen. Ondoren, Eskoziako gaelikoaren gaur egungo egoera aztertuko da, eta gizarteko esparru desberdinen inguruan arreta jarriko da: erakundeak, komunikabideak, hezkuntza eta teknologia. Atal hau osatu ahal izateko, liburuetara baino gehiago, elkarteen web orrialdeetara jo dut, eta, aipatu bezala, elkarte eta aditu desberdinekin harremanetan jarri naiz. Horrek gaur egungo egoeraren berri izateko parada eman didalarik. Honakoak dira lanean aipatuko diren elkarteak: Eskoziako Alderdi Nazionala, Eskoziako Parlamentua, Scotland Education eta Oban Times; baita teknologian eta eremu urriko hizkuntzetan aditu den Michael Bauer ere. Lanaren hipotesia hizkuntza eta nazionalismoa oso lotuta egon ohi diren bi termino direla da, baina, Eskoziak indar handia duen nazionalismoa badu ere, nazionalismo horrek, ez dio ia garrantzirik ematen euren hizkuntza eta kulturari. Horren inguruan arituko naiz, hain zuzen ere, lanaren laugarren atalean. Bertan bi nazionalismo mota bereiziko dira (nazionalismo “zibikoa” eta nazionalismo “etnikoa”), eta Eskoziako nazionalismoaren kasua garatuko da, zeina herritarren borondatean oinarritzen den. Ondoren, lan honetan atera ditudan ondorioak aurkeztuko ditut, baita erabilitako iturriak ere. Azkenik, eskerrak eman nahi dizkiot nire Gradu Amaierako Lanaren zuzendariari, Xabier Zabaltzari. Bere laguntzarik gabe ezinezkoa bailitzateke lan hau aurkeztu dudan moduan egitea. Gai honetan berak duen ezagutza eskaini eta laguntzeko prest azaldu da momentu oro, bai posta elektronikoaren, bai tutoretzen bitartez. Era berean, eremu urriko hizkuntzen inguruko bibliografia zabalean informazio egokia bilatzen lagundu dit

Cost Utility of Omalizumab Compared with Standard of Care for the Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) negatively impacts patient quality of life and productivity and is associated with considerable indirect costs to society. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the cost utility of add-on omalizumab treatment compared with standard of care (SOC) in moderate or severe CSU patients with inadequate response to SOC, from the UK societal perspective. METHODS: A Markov model was developed, consisting of health states based on Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UAS7) and additional states for relapse, spontaneous remission and death. Model cycle length was 4 weeks, and total model time horizon was 20 years in the base case. The model considered early discontinuation of non-responders (response: UAS7 ≤6) and retreatment upon relapse (relapse: UAS7 ≥16) for responders. Clinical and cost inputs were derived from omalizumab trials and published sources, and cost utility was expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Scenario analyses included no early discontinuation of non-responders and an altered definition of response (UAS7 <16). RESULTS: With a deterministic ICER of £3183 in the base case, omalizumab was associated with increased costs and benefits relative to SOC. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis supported this result. Productivity inputs were key model drivers, and individual scenarios without early discontinuation of non-responders and adjusted response definitions had little impact on results. ICERs were generally robust to changes in key model parameters and inputs. CONCLUSIONS: In this, the first economic evaluation of omalizumab in CSU from a UK societal perspective, omalizumab consistently represented a treatment option with societal benefit for CSU in the UK across a range of scenarios

The importance of health technology assessment to ensure an efficient and equitable access to high-cost therapies

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el objetivo primordial de los sistemas de salud es mejorar el nivel medio de salud de la población y reducir las desigualdades relacionadas con la salud. Para cumplir este objetivo los decisores deben decidir en qué tecnologías sanitarias invertir y en cuáles no. La evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) ofrece un marco de trabajo para que los decisores asignen los recursos disponibles y establezcan prioridades en base a la evidencia existente. Teniendo en consideración los presupuestos cada vez más ajustados y la cantidad de terapias innovadoras de alto coste que probablemente se lanzarán en los próximos años, es necesario llevar a cabo procesos de ETS robustos y transparentes que valoren todos los aspectos de la enfermedad y considere los puntos de vista de todos los grupos de interés. Así, hemos llevado a cabo tres proyectos para analizar distintos aspectos relacionados con medicamentos innovadores que se han lanzado al mercado recientemente. En el primer estudio combinamos fuentes de información de alta calidad, tanto del mundo real como de ensayos clínicos aleatorios, para evaluar el coste-efectividad de carfilzomib en el tratamiento de pacientes de mieloma multiple. Haciendo uso del potencial de cada una de estas fuentes, demostramos que el reembolso de carfilzomib representa, probablemente, una asignación de recursos eficiente. A pesar de la existencia de fuentes de información de buena calidad, la distribución y uso de los medicamentos innovadores en el mundo real puede no ser ni eficiente ni justo, y esto es precisamente lo que demostramos en los dos estudios posteriores. En el primero vimos que existen desigualdades significativas en la distribución de medicamentos para la osteoporosis en Inglaterra. El caso más llamativo es el de denosumab, un medicamento innovador de alto coste, cuyas prescripciones se concentran de forma desproporcionada entre la población menos desfavorecida. También demostramos la existencia desigualdades importantes en el uso de biosimilares de insulina glargina (también en atención primaria en Inglaterra), a pesar de que se hayan desarrollado guías e iniciativas para promover el uso de biosimilares. En este estudio observamos que los ahorros generados debido al uso de biosimilares de insulina glargina representa únicamente una proporción pequeña respecto a lo que el sistema de salud podría haber ahorrado si el uso de biosimilares fuse mayor. Los resultados de estos dos estudios, por tanto, demuestran que la asignación de recursos puede no ser ni eficiente ni equitativa en el mundo real, y es probable que existan situaciones similares en otras áreas terapéuticas. En definitiva, a pesar de que en muchos casos haya suficiente base científica para ayudar a las autoridades a asignar los recursos disponibles, hemos demostrado que es posible que en el mundo real los recursos no se asignen de manera óptima.Munduko Osasun Erakundearen arabera, osasun-sistemen helburu nagusia populazioaren batazbesteko osasun maila hobetu eta osasun-desparekotasunak murriztea da. Helburu hau betetzeko osasun-sistemako erabakitzaileek zein osasun teknologiatan inbertitu eta zeinetan ez erabaki behar dute. Honela, osasun teknologien ebaluazioa (OTE) deritzonak, existitzen diren datu eta ebidentzia erabilita, baliabideak esleitu eta lehentasunak ezartzeko metodologia eskaintzen du. Osasungintzarako aurrekontu murritzak eta datozen urteetan merkaturatuko diren kostu altuko sendagaien kopuru esanguratsua kontuan harturik, OTErako prozesu sendo eta gardenak izatea garrantzi handikoa da, kostu altuko sendagai hauen inguruko alderdi guztiak ondo aztertu eta interes-talde guztien ikuspuntuak aintzat hartzen dituena. Berriki merkaturatutako sendagaien inguruko hiru proiektu burutu dugu lan honetan, OTEaren alderdi desberdinak uztartuz. Lehenik, kalitate altuko informazio-iturri desberdinak konbinatuz (entsegu kliniko aleatorioak [EKA] eta mundu errealeko ebidentzia [MEE]), mieloma anizkuna tratatzeko karfilzomib erabiltzearen kostu-eraginkortasuna aztertu dugu. Bi informazio-iturri hauen indarra baliatuta, karfilzomib erabiltzea eskuragai dauden baliabideen esleipen egokia izan litekeela erakutsi dugu. Informazio-iturri egokiak izanda ere, litekeena da sendagai berritzaile hauek populazioari modu ez-eraginkor eta zuzengabean eskaintzea, eta hau da hain zuzen ere beste bi ikerketekin ikusi duguna. Lehenik, Ingalaterran osteoporosia tratatzeko sendagaien preskripzio-mailan desparekotasun esanguratsuak existitzen direla frogatu dugu. Desparekotasun hauek bereziki adierazgarriak dira denosumaben kasuan, kostu altuko sendagai berritzailea, zeinen preskripzio mailarik altuenak gabezia edo beharrik baxuena duten eskualdeetan biltzen diren. Bigarrenik, desparekotasun esanguratsuak ere existitzen dira insulina glarginaren biosimilarren erabilera mailan Ingalaterran, hauek sustatzeko gidak eta ekimenak izan badira ere. Honi lotuta, frogatu egin dugu insulina glarginaren biosimilarrak erabiltzearen ondorioz aurreztutako diru kantitatea erabilpen zabalago batekin aurrez litekeenaren proportzio txiki bat besterik ez dela. Bi ikerketa hauen emaitzen arabera, beraz, litekeena da baliabideen esleipena ez-eraginkorra eta ez-justua izatea, eta baliteke antzeko egoerak osasungintzako beste zeinbait alorretan existitzea. Laburbilduz, kasu askotan ebidentzia-maila zabala izan arren praktikan ikusitako baliabideen esleeipena ez-optimoa da.According to the World Health Organization, the key goal of health systems is to improve the average level of the population health and to reduce health inequalities in the population. In order to realise this goal, health system decision-makers need to decide which health technologies to invest in and which not to. Health technology assessment (HTA) provides a framework for decision-makers to make resource allocation and priority setting decisions based on the existing evidence. Considering the increasingly tight healthcare budgets and the rich pipeline of high-cost, innovative drugs very likely coming to market in the next few years, it is crucial that a robust and transparent HTA process be undertaken to assess these drugs, evaluating all aspects of the disease and treatment and involving all stakeholders affected. We conducted three standalone projects analysing different aspects of recently launched innovative drugs. In our first study, we combined high-quality sources of evidence, both from the real-world and randomised controlled trials, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of carfilzomib for treating multiple myeloma patients. By harnessing the power of these data sources, we demonstrated that the reimbursement of carfilzomib is likely to represent an efficient allocation of existing resources. Despite the availability of good sources of evidence, the real-world distribution and use of innovative drugs may not be efficient nor fair, and this is what we demonstrated with our two other studies. Firstly, we showed that significant inequalities exist in the distribution of anti-osteoporosis drugs in primary care in England. The most striking case was that of denosumab, a high-cost innovative treatment, with prescriptions disproportionately concentrated among the least deprived. Substantial inequalities also exist in the use of insulin glargine biosimilars in primary care in England, even though guidelines and initiatives to promote the use of biosimilars have been put in place. In this study we observed that the real-world savings realised from the use of insulin glargine biosimilars represents a small proportion compared with what could have been achieved should their uptake had been higher. The results of these two studies, therefore, show that resource allocation may not be efficient nor fair in the real world, and similar situations are likely to exist in other disease areas. In summary, even though in many cases ample evidence exists to assist healthcare authorities making resource allocation decisions, we have demonstrated that resource allocation in the real world may not be optimal.Programa de Doctorado en Economía, Empresa y Derecho (RD 99/2011)Ekonomiako, Enpresako eta Zuzenbideko Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011

KUCST@LT-EDI-ACL2022: Detecting Signs of Depression from Social Media Text

In this paper we present our approach for detecting signs of depression from social media text. Our model relies on word unigrams, part-of-speech tags, readabilitiy measures and the use of first, second or third person and the number of words. Our best model obtained a macro F1-score of 0.439 and ranked 25th, out of 31 teams. We further take advantage of the interpretability of the Logistic Regression model and we make an attempt to interpret the model coefficients with the hope that these will be useful for further research on the topic

Fashion Style Generation: Evolutionary Search with Gaussian Mixture Models in the Latent Space

This paper presents a novel approach for guiding a Generative Adversarial Network trained on the FashionGen dataset to generate designs corresponding to target fashion styles. Finding the latent vectors in the generator's latent space that correspond to a style is approached as an evolutionary search problem. A Gaussian mixture model is applied to identify fashion styles based on the higher-layer representations of outfits in a clothing-specific attribute prediction model. Over generations, a genetic algorithm optimizes a population of designs to increase their probability of belonging to one of the Gaussian mixture components or styles. Showing that the developed system can generate images of maximum fitness visually resembling certain styles, our approach provides a promising direction to guide the search for style-coherent designs.Comment: - to be published at: International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design : EvoMUSART 2022 - typo corrected in abstrac

Erato: Automatizing Poetry Evaluation

We present Erato, a framework designed to facilitate the automated evaluation of poetry, including that generated by poetry generation systems. Our framework employs a diverse set of features, and we offer a brief overview of Erato's capabilities and its potential for expansion. Using Erato, we compare and contrast human-authored poetry with automatically-generated poetry, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying key differences. Our implementation code and software are freely available under the GNU GPLv3 license

Creating an Aligned Corpus of Sound and Text: The Multimodal Corpus of Shakespeare and Milton

In this work we present a corpus of poems by William Shakespeare and John Milton that have been enriched with readings from the public domain. We have aligned all the lines with their respective audio segments, at the line, word, syllable and phone level, and we have included their scansion. We make a basic visualization platform for these poems and we conclude by conjecturing possible future directions

Multimodal detection and classification of head movements in face-to-face conversations: Exploring models, features and their interaction

In this work we perform multimodal detection and classificationof head movements from face to face video conversation data.We have experimented with different models and feature setsand provided some insight on the effect of independent features,but also how their interaction can enhance a head movementclassifier. Used features include nose, neck and mid hip positioncoordinates and their derivatives together with acoustic features,namely, intensity and pitch of the speaker on focus. Resultsshow that when input features are sufficiently processed by in-teracting with each other, a linear classifier can reach a similarperformance to a more complex non-linear neural model withseveral hidden layers. Our best models achieve state-of-the-artperformance in the detection task, measured by macro-averagedF1 score