Bioabatement to remove microbial inhibitors from Miscanthus giganteus hydrolysates for enhanced butanol fermentation

The recalcitrant nature of cheap lignocellulose warrants pretreatment process to disrupt the lignin matrix and expose the carbohydrate fraction to enzymatic saccharification. Generation of lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitory compounds (LDMICs) during the pretreatment process undermines large-scale utilization of biomass for biofuel (e.g. butanol) production. LDMICs are derived from lignin (e.g. vanillin), cellulose (e.g. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF]), and hemicellulose (e.g. acetic acid) fractions of lignocellulose. These compounds impair butanol fermentation by disrupting the growth of butanol-producing Clostridium beijerinckii through diverse mechanisms including perturbation of redox and energy state of the cell, inhibition of glycolytic enzymes, and damage to cell membrane, nucleic acids and organelles. Although LDMICs can be removed from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates (LBH) by physicochemical methods, these methods increase the overall butanol production cost. Bioabatement, a cost-effective alternative, employs microorganisms that selectively metabolize LDMICs in the presence of fermentable sugars. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of the bacterium, Cupriavidus basilensis ATCC®BAA-699 to metabolize pure LDMICs and Miscanthus giganteus biomass hydrolysate (MH)-associated LDMICs. Notably, MH was generated by dilute-acid (2% H2SO4) pretreatment at 15% biomass solids loading in a reactor at 180˚C and 150 psi for 1 h. The hydrolysate was then detoxified by C. basilensis prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars. Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of C. basilensis-detoxified MH resulted in ~70% increase in ABE concentration when compared to the non-detoxified control. These results underscore the feasibility of biological removal of LDMICs from pre-enzyme hydrolyzed LBH prior to fermentation to butanol.Ohio Plant Biotechnology Consortium (OPBC), Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), and the Hatch grant (Project No. OHO01333

Fermentation of stalk juices from different Nigerian sorghum cultivars to ethanol

For improved production of ethanol from sorghum stalk juice fermentation, cultivation location and cultivar type are important factors to consider. In the present study, SSV2 and KSV8 sorghum cultivars were cultivated in Kano and Kaduna states in Nigeria that exhibit notably different rain precipitation and diurnal temperatures. The crude stalk juices (without pre-treatment or nutrient supplementation) were extracted from these sorghum samples and fermented with a distiller’s strain of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sugar consumption and alcohol production were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. When it was grown in the Kaduna site, SSV2 was identified as the highest yielding sorghum cultivar from which we extracted the maximum levels of extractable sugars (161.50 g l-1 ) that yielded favourable ethanol levels of 80.56 g l-1 following fermentation. Our findings show that relatively colder and wetter cultivation sites are preferred for sorghum stalk juice destined for bioethanol production.<br/

Utilization of whole sorghum crop residues for bioethanol production

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide and is a major source of agricultural residues in tropical regions. Bioconversion of whole sorghum crop residues comprising stalks, leaves, peduncles and panicles to ethanol has great potential for improving ethanol yield per sorghum crop cultivated, and for sustainable biofuel production. Effective pretreatment of sorghum lignocellulosic biomass is central to the efficiency of subsequent fermentation to ethanol. Previous studies have focused on bioconversion of sorghum stalks and/or leaves only to bioethanol, but the current study is the first report dealing with whole crop residues. We specifically focused on the impact of Nigerian sorghum cultivation location and cultivar type on the potential ethanol yield from whole sorghum crop residues. Efficient bioconversion of whole sorghum residues to ethanol provides a sustainable route for utilisation of crop residues thereby providing a non-food feedstock for industrial scale bioethanol production

Arhitektuur ja meditsiin

Eesti Arst 2013; 92(2):111–11

Sweet sorghum:agronomic practice for food, animal feed and fuel production in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sweet sorghum is a cereal that belongs to the species Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. Although the crop is reportedly native to Africa, it is grown worldwide largely because it thrives well under wide rainfall regimes, varied day lengths, soil conditions and can tolerate varying degrees of biotic and abiotic factors and stresses. This chapter reviews and discusses the physiology and adaptation of sweet sorghum crops to varied environmental and climatic conditions across Sub-Saharan Africa. Several research works have indicated that numerous improved cultivar types of sweet sorghum are grown across Africa. Virtually all sweet sorghum cultivars are primarily grown to produce grain, sugary stalk juice and forage or fodder. The grains are considered the 3rd most important source of staple food to people living in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Furthermore, the grains may also be malted to produce beverages or utilized as adjunct in beer brewing. However, the sugary stalk juice is most commonly used for sorghum molasses or syrup production. Sorghum molasses or syrup is a suitable alternative to refined cane sugars for beverage consumption; particularly for diabetic patients. Thus, the nutritional value, health benefits and future prospects of sorghum grain consumption to address certain human health challenges are discussed in this chapter. Alternatively, the sugary stalk juice from sorghum may be bio-converted to bioethanol (a fuel alcohol). Sweet sorghum crop residues (i.e., leftovers and after the grains are harvested and stalk juice extracted) can serve as animal feed or utilized as lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production. This chapter reviews and discusses literature that demonstrates sweet sorghum is a cereal crop with high tolerance to diverse environmental and climatic conditions. In addition, the crop produces nutritious grains and sugary stalk juice that are of important health and economic benefits for domestic and industrial applications throughout in Africa

Improved production of ethanol using bagasse from different sorghum cultivars

For improved production of ethanol from whole sorghum residues, physico-chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of the substrates are important factors to consider. In the present study, Nigerian sorghum cultivars SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3 were grown under rain-fed conditions without chemical fertilization in Kano state, Nigeria. On harvest, the whole sorghum residues (bagasse) comprising crushed stalks, leaves, panicles and peduncles were collected for further processing. Bagasse samples, which had different macromolecular composition and carbohydrate pasting properties, were pre-treated with dilute sulphuric acid at 75 °C followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and sequential detoxification by Ca(OH)2 over-liming and charcoal filtration. Hydrolysate samples were subsequently fermented with the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus. Sugar consumption, carbon dioxide evolution and ethanol production were shown to vary depending on the sorghum cultivar type. While KSV3 yielded most favourable biomass of 37 t ha−1 (dry basis), bagasse from cultivar SSV2 yielded the most favourable level of sugars (69 g/100 g) after enzymatic hydrolysis, and also consistently exhibited improved fermentation performance. Detoxification of pre-treated sorghum bagasse to remove potential yeast inhibitors resulted in improvement in ethanol yield, with 23 g L−1 ethanol (representing 72% of theoretical yield) being achieved from SSV2 bagasse following fermentation with P. tannophilus without exogenous nutrient supplementation. Our findings reveal that the choice of sorghum cultivar is important when converting bagasse to ethanol, and further that pretreatment with dilute acid at moderate temperature followed by detoxification improves fermentation kinetics and ethanol yield

Upaya Meningkatkan Penguasaan Keterampilan Bermain Dalam Permainan Futsal Melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Pada Siswa (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Pada Siswa Kelas V di SDN Gegerkalong Girang 1-2 Kota Bandung

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti penguasaan keterampilan bermain dengan gerak passing dan dribbling melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif dalam permainan futsal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan melalui metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, yaitu sebagai berikut: (1) perencanaan tindakan, (2) pelaksanaan tindakan, (3) observasi, dan (4) refleksi. Tempat penelitian di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Gegerkalong Girang 1-2 Kota Bandung dengan objek penelitian siswa kelas V berjumlah 38 siswa. Proses penelitian dibagi menjadi II siklus yang terdiri atas 4 tindakan. Setiap tindakan menggunakan berbagai tugas gerak yang dikemas dalam bentuk permainan yang berlevel dan bertahap dari yang termudah sampai yang tersulit. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen GPAI. Kemudian semua data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan teknik persentase. Nilai rata-rata keseluruhan data awal adalah 31,15%, dan siklus I tindakan I adalah 42,90%, siklus I tindakan II adalah 50,10%, siklus II tindakan I adalah 64,78%, dan siklus II tindakan II adalah 72,10%. Dari rata-rata aspek keterampilan bermain berdasarkan hasil analisis data, didapat kesimpulan melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif dapat meningkatkan penguasaan keterampilan bermaian siswa dalam permainan futsal. Sebagai saran dari hasil penelitian, dalam pemberian materi pembelajaran futsal, hendaknya diberikan secara bertahap dari yang termudah sampai yang tersulit. --- This study aims to investigate the acquisition of skills to play with the motion passing and dribbling through the implementation of cooperative learning model in the game of futsal. The method used by classroom action research method, is as follows : (1) action planning, (2) implementation of the action, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. Place of research in Sekolah Dasar Negeri Gegerkalong Girang 1-2 Kota Bandung the object of research graders V amounted to 38 students. The research process was divided into II cycle consisting of 4 action. Each action uses a variety of motion tasks are packaged in the form of game-level and gradually from the easiest to the most difficult. Data were collected using instruments GPAI. Then all the data collected was analyzed using percentages techniques. The overall average value of the initial data is 31,15% and the first cycle of action I is 42,90%, the first cycle of action II is 50,10%, the second cycle of action I is 64,78%, and the second cycle of action II is 72,10%. Average aspect of playing skills, based on data analysis, obtained a conclusion through the implementation of cooperative learning model can improve students' mastery of skills playing futsal game. As a suggestion from the research, the provision of learning materials futsal, be given gradually from the easiest to the most difficult