Impact of Intelligent Transportation Systems on Parallel Hybrid Electric Heavy Duty Vehicles

A hybrid electric vehicle uses multiple sources of energy that can be independently or all together used to propel the wheels. In the presented work, the vehicle propulsion controller (VPC) for a parallel heavy duty hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) model has been modified to manage the alternative power source in advance based on the forthcoming traffic information. The goal is to prepare the powertrain for the next power event by making more energy storage capacity to capture free energy via regenerative braking or store more energy for expected need. The method of preparation will be by managing the battery state of charge (SOC), which is a metal hydride battery for this study, to take advantage of opportunistic regeneration. Autonomie software was used to simulate parallel HEV models.;The results revealed that the proposed looking-ahead control strategy for a class 8 parallel hybrid heavy duty vehicle with an engine power of 410 kW had a substantial contribution in preparing the system for forthcoming power demand. The looking-ahead strategy employed in this study improved fuel economy from 0.5% on flat terrain to about 3% on mountain terrain. Moreover, a looking-ahead strategy can contribute significantly to maintaining adequate power for the vehicle on different terrain types. The engine power can be downsized (with looking-ahead strategy) therefore improving fuel economy up to 13% while maintaining adequate power over different terrain types. The battery energy capacity can be downsized (with looking-ahead strategy) by half while maintaining nearly the same benefits (i.e. fuel economy and adequate power) compared to the hybridization system without looking-ahead strategy. Since different routes types (i.e. flat, hilly and mountain terrains) were used to investigate the impact of the looking-ahead strategy on heavy duty parallel HEV, these results can generally be applied to many terrain and traffic situations

Experimental investigation of improving the solar desalination system for domestic buildings: Iraq as a case of study

Iraq encounters climatic challenges that lead to severe rainfall shortages and compound the regional challenges that lead to reduced rates of supplying rivers. In this research, the proposed design helps obtain pure water from polluted or saline water t lower, more competitive costs that can supply nearly 80% of the Iraqi markets. The system harvests 2 L/day of pure water by adding 5 liters of saline water, a 209% daily improvement. The system consists of 1.125 m2 of double slope single basin solar still with a tilt angle of 30°, pipes, and measurement instrumentation. Maximum inside temperature, humidity, valuable energy, and efficiency have 77 ℃, 35%, 4.02 W/m2, and 76%, respectively. System analysis results demonstrated that the average water condensation rate per square meter is about 0.4 L/hr. Finally, the rate of pure water harvesting from this desalination system, per square meter, is about 0.282 L/m2 per day when the average intensity of solar radiation reaches 165 W/m2. Two scenarios have been suggested for the experiment. The first scenario tests the system by limiting two water levels, the first at 0.75 cm and the second at 3 cm. The second scenario includes the same design with a black cloth set in the basin demonstrates the most promising data. A wet pad regularly cools down one side of the glass to increase the water vapor condensation and production quantity by 173% to enhancing water production significantly

Evaluation of Methods to Enhance the Ocean Wave Energy Convertor Performance

Ocean energy represented by waves is considered as a one of the renewable energy sources. This study aims to evaluate the methods that enhancing the ocean wave energy convertor performance. The mechanism of wave energy convertor is by converting mechanical energy to an electricity energy using DC generator and running by the pulling of wire due to ocean wave movement. Moreover, the test and analyze of converting the wave energy to electricity are conducted. Firstly, the role of numerical modeling lies in fabricating the tested rig in addition to study and analyze the buoyancy and stability in fluid mechanics as results of converting the kinetic energy derived from sea waves into rotational energy. The experimental tests were achieved locally at the Arabic gulf-South of Iraq/Basra (Khor Alzubayr). the tests were performed in two cases named: after happening the tidal (tested in one direction) and at the increasing of the sea water (tested in bidirectional). The results of local tests (at the sea) show that the maximum power of test was recorded value about 68 W in case of happening the tidal with an increase percentage of 92.6% over the case of bidirectional. These findings encouraging for more investigation in the methods that could increase energy harvesting from ocean waves since it is an enormous amount of energy

Evaluation of energy production using parabolic-dish solar collector: a case study of Iraq / Samir Gh Yayah, Ahmed Shihab Al-Samari and Itimad D J Azzawi

The parabolic dish reflector solar collector is one of the significant and most efficient steam-producing solar concentrating systems in thermoelectric power plants and, furthermore, it's considered to be environmentally friendly (renewable energy). Iraq has vast land for installing solar collectors to generate steam and use for thermal power plants. However, no such application/power plant has yet been built. Therefore, the proposed study investigates opportunities for using PDR solar collectors, including all advantages and challenges. To implement and estimate the productivity and efficiency of the PDR in (Diyala City / Iraq), a PDR solar collector with a total area of 0.708 m2 (including the glass pieces used as a reflective surface) was designed and fabricated. These glass pieces have been utilized to increase the reflection of solar rays by 80% when compared to a traditional case/setup. Two different systems (open and closed) were considered to investigate the performance of thermal power. The results show that the absorption temperature was increased from 34.6 to 95 °C. On the other hand, the coefficient of heat loss by convection increases by about (795.5 W). In addition, it was pointed out that the coefficient of total heat loss over time was increased by about 25 to 41% (closed and open systems). Furthermore, the experimental findings clearly demonstrate the usefulness of PDR solar heaters in Iraq

Study of emissions and fuel economy for parallel hybrid versus conventional vehicles on real world and standard driving cycles

Parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) increasing rapidly in the automobile markets. However, the benefits out of using this kind of vehicles are still concerned a lot of costumers. This work investigated the expected benefits (such as decreasing emissions and increasing fuel economy) from using the parallel HEV in comparison to the conventional vehicle model of the real-world and standard driving cycles. The software Autonomie used in this study to simulate the parallel HEV and conventional models on these driving cycles.The results show that the fuel economy (FE) can be improved significantly up to 68% on real-world driving cycle, which is represented mostly city activities. However, the FE improvement was limited (10%) on the highway driving cycle, and this is expected since the using of brake system was infrequent. Moreover, the emissions from parallel HEV decreased about 40% on the real-world driving cycle, and decreased 11% on the highway driving cycle. Finally, the engine efficiency, improved about 12% on the real-world driving cycle, and about 7% on highway driving cycle. Keywords: Emissions, Hybrid electric vehicles, Fuel economy, Real-world driving cycl

Study of emissions and fuel economy for parallel hybrid versus conventional vehicles on real world and standard driving cycles

Parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) increasing rapidly in the automobile markets. However, the benefits out of using this kind of vehicles are still concerned a lot of costumers. This work investigated the expected benefits (such as decreasing emissions and increasing fuel economy) from using the parallel HEV in comparison to the conventional vehicle model of the real-world and standard driving cycles. The software Autonomie used in this study to simulate the parallel HEV and conventional models on these driving cycles. The results show that the fuel economy (FE) can be improved significantly up to 68% on real-world driving cycle, which is represented mostly city activities. However, the FE improvement was limited (10%) on the highway driving cycle, and this is expected since the using of brake system was infrequent. Moreover, the emissions from parallel HEV decreased about 40% on the real-world driving cycle, and decreased 11% on the highway driving cycle. Finally, the engine efficiency, improved about 12% on the real-world driving cycle, and about 7% on highway driving cycle

Real-World Driving Cycle: Case Study of Baqubah, Iraq

This work presents a new real world driving cycle for Baqubah city, Iraq. The crucial factor for estimation of fuel consumption and emissions is the driving cycle. The suggested method is to generate microtrips, which calculated from real world driving cycle data and then choose the most frequent of them. The constructed driving cycle (1052 seconds) compared with some standards driving cycle including New York, federal test procedure, urban dynamometer driving schedule, united states, Japan and European driving cycle (NY, FTPCOL, UDDS, US06, JPN, and EUDC) light vehicle driving cycles. The parameters such as acceleration, deceleration, and idle percentage are presented to give an initial impression about this driving cycle. The results for these parameters for Baqubah driving cycle were 50.34%, 48.52%, and 25.61% respectively. Moreover, the average speed of Baqubah driving cycle was 21.63 km/h (13.45 mph). These results give strong encouragement considering hybrid electric vehicles for Baqubah city.</jats:p

Experimental assessment of combining geothermal with conventional air conditioner regarding energy consumption in summer and winter

The objectives of this study is to evaluate the use of geothermal energy combined with conventional air-conditioner (A/C) and its contribution to reducing dependence on electrical energy. Assessment of geothermal sources in Diyala governorate. This experiment includes installing a combined system in the test room. The indoor and outdoor temperatures and relative humidity were calculated, as well as the calculation of borehole temperature, in addition to the energy efficiency ratio (EER) and coefficient of performance (COP) of the systems. The amount of electricity consumption in kWh was calculated. The most important findings in this experiment are: (1) The temperature of the well at a depth of (6m) is almost constant throughout the year, about 24. (2) Using the geothermal system alone in the test-room reduces the average indoor temperature by 8 within one day. (3) Iraq can benefit from the important geothermal energy and its sources, however, its use is still very limited and limited to scientific research only. (4) The experiment proved that the EER and COP of the geothermal system, the combined system and the window-type air-conditioner are 18.9, 9.8, 9.4, 5.54, 1.9 and 1.52 respectively.</jats:p

Investigation of Driving Behavior on Performance and Fuel Consumption of Light-Duty Vehicle

This manuscript instrumented two light-duty passenger cars to construct real-world driving cycles for the Baghdad-Basrah highway road in Iraq using a data logger. The recorded data is conducted to obtain typical speed profiles for each vehicle. Each of the recruited vehicles is modelized using Advanced Vehicle Simulator and conducted on the associated created driving cycle to investigate fuel economy and analyze performance. Moreover, to inspect the influence of driving behavior on fuel consumption and emissions, the simulation process is re-implemented by substituting the conducted real-world driving cycle. The analyses are done for the first and second stages of simulation predictions to explore the fuel-penalty of aggressive driving behavior. The analysis for substitution predictions showed that fuel consumption could be reduced by 12.8% due to conducting vehicle under the more consistent real-world driving cycle. However, conducting vehicle under the more aggressive one would increase fuel consumption by 14.6%. The associated emissions change prediction due to the substitution is also achieved and presented.</jats:p