19. Yüzyıl Temettuat Defterleri’ne Göre Üsküp/Koçana Kazası’nın Lorenz Eğrisi ve Gini Katsayısı ile Gelir Dağılımının Analizi

Bu çalışma, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti Üsküp Eyaleti, Köstendil Sancağı, Koçana kazasının kent merkezi ve Koçana köylerindeki gelir dağılımı ve mesleki dağılıma ait bulguların değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda çalışma, Koçana’da kent ve köylerdeki gelir dağılımındaki farklılaşmaların nicelendirilmesini de belirtmektedir. Bu çalışmada, temel kaynak olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde yer alan temettuat defterleri kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veriler, 1844-45 yıllarında Koçana’daki 64 köy ve Koçana kent merkezinden toplanan 3249 hanenin servet ve vergi verileridir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarının analizinde, Lorenz eğrisi ve Gini katsayısı gibi iktisat teorisi metodolojisi ve araçları da kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlarda, Koçana‘da orta düzeyde gelir eşitsizliğinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.This study aims to evaluate the findings of the income distribution and occupational distribution in the Ottoman State, Skopje Province, the Köstendil Sanjak, the city center of the Koçana district, and the Koçana villages in the 19th century. The study also aims to quantify the variations in income distribution in urban and rural areas in Koçana. In this study, as the main source, the dividend books in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives were used. The data used are the asset and tax data of 3249 households collected from 64 villages of Koçana and Koçana city center in 1844-45. In the analysis of the results of the study, economic theory methodologies and tools such as the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient were also used. According to the results obtained from the study, it is understood that there is moderate income inequality in Koçana

Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in primary school children in Edirne, Turkey, two surveys 10 years apart

To assess change in prevalence and risk factors of asthma and allergic diseases among primary school children in rural and urban parts of Edirne, Turkey, a series of cross-sectional studies were conducted in 1994 and 2004. A questionnaire was administered to the parents of primary school children aged 7-12, in urban and rural parts of Edirne, Turkey (5412 in 1994 and 5735 in 2004). Response rates in 1994 and 2004 were 84% and 82.5%, respectively. There were significant differences between the age distribution, urban habitation (1994: 70.1%, 2004: 75.8%, p < 0.001), passive smoking (1994: 74.7%, 2004: 60.0%, p < 0.001), and family atopy (1994: 12.7%, 2004: 18.2%, p < 0.001) between the two surveys. Current prevalence of asthma and wheeze increased in the 2004 when compared to 1994 in both rural and urban regions (current asthma for rural and urban regions, 5.2% and 5.8% in 1994; 8.6% and 12.1% in 2004, respectively). Female-to-male ratio of current asthma increased from 0.7 in 1994 to 0.9 in 2004. Comparison of the risk factors in the two surveys suggested urban habitation and factors other than family atopy, passive smoking and no breast feeding as possible contributors for the increasing asthma and wheeze. Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases increased among school children in Edirne, Turkey from 1994 to 2004. Life style changes and urbanization could be related to this increasing trend