The Reentry Breakup Recorder: A “Black Box” for Space Hardware

Unless specifically designed to survive, space hardware reentering the Earth’s atmosphere will break apart due to aerodynamic heating and loads. Some materials will survive this severe environment and impact the earth, posing a hazard to people and property on the ground. At present, there is very little data that can be used to calibrate reentry breakup and hazard prediction models, yet these same models are used to predict risk and determine when satellite owners must plan for deorbiting into ocean areas—increasing mission cost and limiting payload mass. Occasionally, reentered debris is recovered on the Earth’s surface, but as a rule, little information is available on the reentry environment experienced by those objects, so information from this source is limited. The Aerospace Corporation is developing a “Reentry Breakup Recorder” (REBR) to fill this void. This small, lightweight, autonomous, self-contained device will be attached to satellite or launch stage and will record temperatures, attitude rates, and other information during the reentry and breakup of the hardware. Protected by a heat shield, it will survive reentry and will broadcast its data after the reentry has completed, but befor it impacts the earth’s surface. Information recovered by the recorder is expected to dramatically improve reentry hazard and survivability estimates, ultimately leading to designs of space hardware that respond in predictable and repeatable ways to the reentry environment. REBR may also be useful as a “black box” for reentry vehicles that are designed to survive, insuring that data on breakup of the vehicle will be returned should the vehicle unexpectedly fail during reentry. It may also be helpful in precisely calibrating the breakup characteristics of deorbit modules and other hardware associated with reentry vehicles. This paper discusses the recorder concept, its development and testing plans, and required resources. The paper will also discuss possibilities for how the data might be used to develop more accurate predictions of the reentry breakup process and how such predictions might affect space hardware design. Development and use of the recorder present opportunities for joint research projects and collaboration on the hardware itself, on launch and reentry opportunities, and on analysis of data returned

An assessment of healthcare literacy : dermatology abbreviations in medical documentation

Includes bibliographical references"Conclusion: The understanding of dermatology abbreviations among first and second year medical students at the University of Missouri is minimal ; Poor dermatologic healthcare literacy is exacerbated by the fact that medical students have minimal exposure to Dermatology during their education ; Additional exposure to Dermatology in the preclinical and clinical education years is needed and a decrease in use of specialty specific abbreviations may be beneficial.

Building a culture of mobility utilizing the Johns Hopkins Activity and Mobility Promotion (JH-AMP) Program

"Immobility during hospitalization is associated with negative outcomes such as increased length of stay and hospital- acquired harms. Hospitalized patients spend the majority of their stay in bed. Immobile patients are at high risk of losing functional independence leading to increased physical demand and risk of injury for nursing and therapy staff. Research is clear that immobility is a direct driver for worse patient outcomes -- both during hospitalization and once the patient is discharged. Despite the body of evidence associated with these negative outcomes, the problem persists in many health care systems. Without a standard mechanism in place to promote mobility in hospitalized patients, the need to implement a tool to create a culture of mobility was established. "--Introduction.MU Health Care

O controle judicial da gestão municipal do meio ambiente

O reconhecimento do bem ambiental e sua efetivação pelos entes estatais demonstra a necessidade de se prover mecanismos de atuação preventiva e corretiva na preservação do meio ambiente, como pressuposto para preservação da própria humanidade. Vários mecanismos de cunho processual são postos à disposição do cidadão para controlar, fiscalizar e exigir a adoção de medidas de preservação em face da finitude dos recursos ambientais existentes. Nesse aspecto, a participação da população na fiscalização e no controle da gestão política do meio ambiente é medida salutar para a preservação do bem ambiental. Entretanto, entraves de ordem processual, aliados ao fato de que o Brasil apresenta contextos culturais, sociais e econômicos com grande disparidade, se demonstram como óbices na efetiva preservação ambiental e mesmo na adoção de políticas públicas necessárias à manutenção e preservação do bem ambiental. Surge assim a necessidade de se prover as instituições de Estado de um novo modelo de gestão dos recursos ambientais, em especial os municípios, onde ocorrem a maior parte das ações administrativas de licenciamento ambiental, bem como, uma nova leitura do processo que passa a gerir direitos difusos e transindividuais nesse atual modelo de atuação na preservação ambiental.The recognition of the ambient good and its realization for the state beings demonstrate the necessity of if providing mechanisms with preventive and corrective performance in the preservation of the environment, as estimated for preservation of the proper humanity. Some mechanisms of procedural matrix are ranks the disposal of the citizen to control, to fiscalize and to demand the adoption of measures of preservation in face of the finitude of the existing environmental resources. In this aspect, the participation of the population in the fiscalization and the control of the management politics of the environment is measured to healthy for the preservation of the ambient good. However, impediments of procedural order, allies to the fact of that Brazil presents cultural contexts, social and economic with great disparity, if demonstrate as obstacles in effective the ambient and same preservation in the adoption of necessary public politics to the maintenance and preservation of the ambient good. It appears thus the necessity of if providing the institutions with State with a new model with management with the environmental resources, in special the cities, where they occur most of the administrative cases of ambient licensing, as well as, a new reading of the process that starts to manage diffuse and transindividual rights in this current model of performance in the ambient preservation

LIMITES MUNICIPAIS: ASPECTOS DE INTERVENÇÃO ENTRE MUNICÍPIOS NAS OBRAS DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL

resumo nao informadoDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/10.12957/rfd.2011.172

Participação popular e revisão do plano diretor: garantia de adequada atuação do gestor municipal

The every ten years reviey of the municipal master plan is due a legal provision in the City Statute. This procedure implies minimal intervention of the municipal manager, who inaugurates the process of revision and conducts its processing, making available to the community, for evaluation and voting, the proposals for changes to be implemented. The administrative discretion is limited to the conduct of the instead of to the merits of the review. The review itself will be the result of decisions arising out of public hearings and, mainly, from popular participation. Therefore, it is indispensable to make available to society, in a clear and complete manner, all the communication tools necessary for the assessment of the technical data that would justify the change of the master plan and the comparison of what is intended to change with the already existing norms.  Any different leading implies in dishonest acting, witch is doomable, since in the urban relation the citizen is the main actor of the revision and the main recipient of the norm.A revisão decenal do plano diretor municipal decorre da previsão legal do Estatuto da Cidade. Esse procedimento implica intervenção mínima do gestor municipal, que inaugura o processo de revisão e conduz sua tramitação, disponibilizando à coletividade, para avaliação e votação, as propostas de mudanças a serem implementadas. A discricionariedade administrativa é limitada à condução do processo e não ao mérito da revisão. A revisão em si será o resultado das decisões decorrentes das audiências públicas e precipuamente, da participação popular. Para tanto, é imperioso disponibilizar à sociedade, de forma clara e completa, todos os instrumentos de comunicação necessários para a apreciação dos dados técnicos que justificariam a alteração do plano diretor e o cotejo do que se pretende alterar com as normas já existentes. Qualquer condução diversa importa em ato ímprobo, passível de condenação, uma vez que na relação urbanística o cidadão é o ator principal da revisão e o principal destinatário da norma

Organismos geneticamente modificados no Brasil: ideologia e atuação jurisdicional

Uma das importantes discussões que envolvem o Direito Ambiental contemporâneo refere-se ao tratamento a ser dado aos organismos geneticamente modificados. Ao mesmo tempo em que houve inegável avanço na cultura dos transgênicos, ainda são expressivas as dúvidas que pairam sobre o tema, especialmente em vista dos riscos que podem apresentar-se à saúde humana. Essa incerteza e preocupação acerca dos efeitos sobre a espécie humana e sobre o equilíbrio do próprio ecossistema justificaram a edição de expressiva legislação, especialmente destinada a assegurar o direito do consumidor, à informação acerca da presença de organismos geneticamente modificados. E, paralelamente à compreensão dessa legislação, justifica-se também a análise da repercussão nos tribunais, percebendo também a dimensão ideológica que imprime a orientação das decisões judiciais acerca da matéria