Adaptation de modèles de Markov cachés - Application à la reconnaissance de caractères imprimés

International audienceWe present in this paper a new algorithm for the adaptation of hidden Markov models (HMM models). The principle of our iterative adaptive algorithm is to alternate an HMM structure adaptation stage with an HMM Gaussian MAP adaptation stage. This algorithm is applied to the recognition of printed characters to adapt the models learned by a polyfont character recognition engine to new forms of characters. Comparing the results with those of MAP and MLLR classic adaptations shows a slight increase in the performance of the recognition system

How to get rid of Student Loans

As young adults, students are increasingly confronted with the need to borrow money to build their future, and the longer the studies are, the longer the repayment period will be. In some countries, such as the United States, indebtedness issue has become very problematic. The present work based on a real case study aims to highlight an effective solution to get rid of these loans and ensure a better future

Influence of maturity stage on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus seed oils

Quality plays a key role in the marketing of vegetable oils. This quality is influenced by a number of factors, including variety, crop management, date of harvest, place of cultivation and extraction procedure. The objective of our study was to determine the ideal seed harvest period to reach their full potential of quality by analyzing the variation of chemical quality and antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus seed oil in three different stages of maturation. The results obtained in this study indicate that as maturity progressed, there was a decrease in acidity (7.13-2.61%), chlorophyll content (24.43 - 4.69 ppm), and the total phenol content (808.22 - 191.24 mg GAE / kg). while there was an increase the oil content (11.07- 33.4%) and the composition of monounsaturated fatty acids (44.36- 54.43%), mainly oleic acid (43.11- 52.01%). Oil extracted from first stage (green seeds) showed the highest percentage of DPPH inhibition with around 57.56% followed by red seeds with a DPPH inhibition percentage of 49.99%. Earlier harvest would produce lentisk oils of good quality, stable and a composition rich in natural substances. The optimal stage of harvest is proposed by considering the compromise between the quantity and the quality of the studied parameters

Comment analyser les besoins de français langue seconde de spécialité(s) dans le contexte de l’université algérienne ?

Agzul Tasleḍt d yigmaḍ i d-nefka deg umagrad-agi d aḥric si tezrawt i nexdem ɣef wefham n tefransist, tutlayt n uselmed n Génie Mécanique, ɣer yinelmaden iqbayliyen i d-yewwin lbak s taɛrabt.Tamezwarut n tmezwura, ad nḍegger tiṭ ɣer wamek i asen-yettiwɛir i yinelmaden-agi wefham n tmusniwin n wennar-agi lemmden, ad neɛreḍ ad nessishel i uselmed timusniwin-agi s kra n tḥerfiyin tipidagujiyin.Tis snat, ad nesleḍ s tmuɣli n l’analyse du discours kra n wamuden yuran neɣ yettwannan. S wannect-a ara d-nbeggen amek txulef tmeslayt n wennar-agi akken ad as-neg ttawil swayes ara tt-nesɣer. Ad nessexdem tarrayin n l’ingénierie de la formation akken ad nẓer acu n tmusniwin n tutlayt i asen-ilaqen i yinelmaden-agi. Ad nernu ad nessexdem tiẓriwin n uselmed n tutlayt tis snat, la psychologie cognitive, l’interlangue, akken ad nẓer amek tettemselḥunt deg uselmed tutlayt tamezwarut (L1) d tis snat (L2). Mačči d timsirin n tefransist iwumi ara nsemmi « français de spécialité » i nebɣa ad d-nexdem, nebɣa ad nettekki deg uselmed n wennar-agi s usishel n tutlayt swayes ara lemden timusniwin. Abstract The analysis and the results presented in this paper are part of a  research  project ,on access to French language in teaching mechanical engineering for kabyle speakers students who obtained an Arabic Baccalaureate (the case of the students registered in the 3rd year licence degree 1 at Mouloud MAMMERI University of Tizi-Ouzou). First, it is for us to focus on the difficulties that students face in their process to access into disciplinary knowledge. For a pedagogical purpose, we will explore this knowledge through a set of educational activities. Second, it is to highlight the linguistic specificities characterizing the discourse of the field, through series of written and oral corpus analyzed according to the principles of pragmatic linguistics, in order to view a construction of second language’s curriculum for specific purposes. Considering the students real needs in terms of language skills, we will support the methodologies of engineering training, as we will use the second language learning theories, cognitive psychology and the interlingual notion to extract mechanisms kept between the first and second language learning process. We are not concerned by establishing a French course that is labeled "for specialty", but to participate really in the didactic of the field by the simplification of the medium "French language".Key words: second language for specific purposes, engineering of training, needs analysis, curriculum, languages didactics.

The maximum coefficient of performance of internally irreversible refrigerators and heat pumps

A class of irreversible refrigeration cycles is investigated to determine the maximum coefficient of performance in the heat pump mode and the refrigerator mode. For the purpose of generality and simplicity of the results, finite-time heat transfer in the condenser and evaporator is expressed in terms of arithmetic mean temperature differences. The generic source of internal irreversibility is measured by a single irreversibility factor which transforms the Clausius inequality into an equality to simplify the cycle model. These optimum cycle performances are obtained as closed form analytical expressions in which the irreversibility factor has been shown to be simply related to the ratio of the actual and endoreversible cycle coefficients of performance.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48903/2/d60404.pd

La République d'Ibn Rushd : les fondements philosophiques de la cité juste

Ibn Rushd, mieux connu sous son nom latinisé Averroès, est un intellectuel musulman ayant vécu au XIIe siècle de notre ère. Cette appellation d’intellectuel musulman n’a rien d’anodin : il est en effet le pourfendeur du dogmatisme et du fanatisme religieux et est au service d’un projet qui annonce les Lumières en terre musulmane : la rationalisation d’al-Andalus, l’Andalousie. Son héritage philosophique a d’abord fait polémique au sein de sa propre communauté, puis pendant la scolastique et à l’époque moderne où l’on taxait d’averroïste quiconque faisait preuve de contradiction – et cela jusqu’à nos jours. C’est là le signe du caractère essentiel de son œuvre : Ibn Rushd ne laisse personne indifférent. L’étude que nous proposons ici tente de rendre compte de cet héritage en défendant la thèse selon laquelle l’œuvre d’Ibn Rushd, qu’elle soit métaphysique, juridique, théologique, philosophique ou politique est, tout entière, dédiée à un seul projet, ce que nous appelons la République d’Ibn Rushd. Notre travail sera divisé en trois parties : d’abord, nous examinerons le contexte politico-philosophique de l’émergence de la pensée d’Ibn-Rushd afin d’en saisir l’originalité et de cerner l’héritage dont il se réclame ou se distingue; ensuite, nous examinerons les fondements logiques et psychologiques de la pensée rushdienne dans laquelle il articule trois types de raisonnements autour de sa conception des classes d’hommes et plaidera pour une herméneutique coranique (ta’wil); finalement, nous analyserons la manière avec laquelle le Commentator développe sa théorie politique à partir de sa théorie logique en lisant Platon à travers Aristote.Ibn Rushd, better known by his latinized name Averroes, was a Muslim intellectual who lived in the 12th century AD. This designation of Muslim intellectual is not insignificant: he was indeed the scourge of dogmatism and religious fanaticism and served a project that heralded the Enlightenment in Muslim lands: the rationalization of al-Andalus, Andalusia. His philosophical legacy first caused controversy within his own community, then during scholasticism and in the modern era, when anyone who contradicted was labelled as an averroist—and this continues to this day. This is a sign of the essential nature of his work: Ibn Rushd leaves no one indifferent. The study we propose here attempts to account for this legacy by defending the thesis that Ibn Rushd's work, whether metaphysical, legal, theological, philosophical or political, is entirely dedicated to a single project that we call the Republic of Ibn Rushd. Our work will be divided into three parts: first, we will examine the political-philosophical context of the emergence of Ibn-Rushd's thought in order to grasp its originality and to identify the heritage from which he claims or distinguishes himself; second, we will examine the logical and psychological foundations of rushdian thought in which he articulates three types of reasoning around his conception of the classes of men and will plead for a Quranic hermeneutic (ta'wil); finally, we will analyze the way in which the Commentator develops his political theory from his logical theory by reading Plato through Aristotle

A class of internally irreversible refrigeration cycles

A Carnot-like irreversible refrigeration cycle is modelled with two isothermal and two non-adiabatic, irreversible processes. The generic source of internal irreversibility, measured by the Clausius inequality, is a general irreversibility term which could include any heat leaks into the Joule - Thompson expansion valve, the evaporator and compressor cold boxes. This cycle is optimized first for maximum refrigeration power and maximum refrigeration load, then for maximum coefficient of performance. Its performances are compared with those of the endoreversible refrigeration cycle, based on a propane stage of a classical cascade liquefaction cycle example. Both cycle models achieve optimum power and maximum refrigeration load at nearly the same refrigeration temperature, but only the coefficient of performance of the irreversible refrigeration cycle reaches a maximum. Moreover, its prediction of heat conductance allocation between evaporator and condenser appears to be not only more conservative, but also more realistic for actual design considerations of refrigeration cycles.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48902/2/d60316.pd

Analyse de la nature des erreurs commises dans les productions écrites (Cas des élèves du lycée DAHMANI Mohamed, Boghni, Tizi-Ouzou)

The new program introduced by the Ministry of National Education gives priority to classroom communication. The four targeted communicative skills are written and oral comprehension, and written and oral production. Written production is the first skill targeted in the FFL teaching/learning process.The practical aim of this article is to analyze some thirty written documents produced by 3rd year AS students, and their responses to a questionnaire sent to them with in order to determine their level of mastery of the French language and to identify the most recurrent errors. The aim of this approach has been to design teaching activities to address the identified shortcomings

Ultrasonic Monitoring of the Interaction between Cement Matrix and Alkaline Silicate Solution in Self-Healing Systems

Alkaline solutions, such as sodium, potassium or lithium silicates, appear to be very promising as healing agents for the development of encapsulated self-healing concretes. However, the evolution of their mechanical and acoustic properties in time has not yet been completely clarified, especially regarding their behavior and related kinetics when they are used in the form of a thin layer in contact with a hardened cement matrix. This study aims to monitor, using linear and nonlinear ultrasonic methods, the evolution of a sodium silicate solution interacting with a cement matrix in the presence of localized cracks. The ultrasonic inspection via linear methods revealed that an almost complete recovery of the elastic and acoustic properties occurred within a few days of healing. The nonlinear ultrasonic measurements contributed to provide further insight into the kinetics of the recovery due to the presence of the healing agent. A good regain of mechanical performance was ascertained through flexural tests at the end of the healing process, confirming the suitability of sodium silicate as a healing agent for self-healing cementitious systems

Evaluation de l'effort d'arrachement et des déformations moyennes dans les boulons d'ancrage des assemblages de pieds de poteaux sous chargement statique

Dans cette communication, une approche par éléments finis calculant l'effort d'arrachement dans le boulon d'ancrage est proposée. Pour tenir compte du comportement réel de l'assemblage, nous avons construit un modèle par éléments finis, qui tient compte des non linéarités géométriques et matérielles, du contact et de la fissuration dans la fondation en béton armé. L'effort d'arrachement ainsi que les déformations moyennes le long du boulon sont, à chaque pas d'analyse, évalués