Design of a High Efficiency Single-Bit Full Adder Using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) Technique

Adders are essential parts of digital systems where critical design factors like size, power consumption, and latency are critical. This work presents a single-bit full adder based on the Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) technique to enhance the efficiency of these parameters. Extensive simulations were conducted using Mentor Graphics and 130nm CMOS technology, with extensive analysis comparing the proposed adder\u27s performance against a standard CMOS adder across different voltage supply levels. The proposed adder utilizes only 8 transistors, significantly fewer than the 28 transistors required in conventional CMOS full adders. The MGDI technique proves highly effective, reducing power dissipation by 98.8%, area consumption by 18.1%, and propagation delay by 86.1%, while also simplifying circuit complexity. The suggested adder continuously exhibits decreasing power consumption and shorter propagation delay as the supply voltage rises, highlighting its appropriateness for high-performance, low-power applications. The reduced transistor count and minimized wiring complexity further establish the proposed adder as a compelling alternative to traditional CMOS designs

Thermal effects on LPCVD amorphous silicon

The effects of thermal annealing on amorphous silicon deposited using low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) are presented in this paper. The amorphous silicon film is being subjected to different annealing conditions ranging from 600 to 900 °C for a varying period of 30 to 90 min holding time in nitrogen ambient. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) shows that crystallization of amorphous silicon to poly-silicon starts to occur after 30 min of thermal cycle at 600 °C. Atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to study the surface roughness and grain size of the films after different annealing times and temperatures. The nanocrystalline grains result in photoluminescence behavior. Stress measurement, using curvature analysis, shows that the stress magnitude reduces with decreasing annealing temperature and time. This is likely due to stress relief during grain growth and crystallization at higher temperatures. The detailed study of the structural, morphology and property changes in amorphous silicon upon annealing will be presented

Factors associated with tooth loss in patients with stages 3 and 4 periodontitis: a short-term retrospective evaluation of patients

This retrospective study analyzed factors associated with tooth loss in patients with stages 3 and 4 periodontitis undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy. Data from 84 patients treated at Griffith University Periodontal Clinic (2019–2022) were examined, focusing on patient factors such as smoking status, osteoporosis, and age, alongside tooth loss variables. The logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with stage 4 periodontitis had a significantly higher likelihood of tooth loss compared to those with stage 3 (odds ratio [OR] 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13–4.84). Smoking was also identified as a significant risk factor, with smokers showing an OR of 1.69 (95% CI 1.4–3.9) for tooth loss. While no statistically significant relationships were observed for other variables (p > 0.05), patients under 40 years and over 71 years with stage 4 periodontitis exhibited notable tooth loss outcomes (p = 0.003 and p = 0.034, respectively). These findings emphasize the importance of integrating smoking cessation programs into periodontal care and tailoring treatment strategies for high-risk groups. Further longitudinal studies with comprehensive data collection are recommended to enhance the understanding of tooth loss predictors in advanced periodontitis.No Full Tex

Design of a High Efficiency Single-Bit Full Adder Using Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) Technique

Adders are essential parts of digital systems where critical design factors like size, power consumption, and latency are critical. This work presents a single-bit full adder based on the Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MGDI) technique to enhance the efficiency of these parameters. Extensive simulations were conducted using Mentor Graphics and 130nm CMOS technology, with extensive analysis comparing the proposed adder\u27s performance against a standard CMOS adder across different voltage supply levels. The proposed adder utilizes only 8 transistors, significantly fewer than the 28 transistors required in conventional CMOS full adders. The MGDI technique proves highly effective, reducing power dissipation by 98.8%, area consumption by 18.1%, and propagation delay by 86.1%, while also simplifying circuit complexity. The suggested adder continuously exhibits decreasing power consumption and shorter propagation delay as the supply voltage rises, highlighting its appropriateness for high-performance, low-power applications. The reduced transistor count and minimized wiring complexity further establish the proposed adder as a compelling alternative to traditional CMOS designs

Optimizing Multiplier Performance Through Verilog Hardware Description Language Design

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) constitutes a critical component within a computer's Central Processing Unit, responsible for executing arithmetic and logical operations. Among its core elements, the multiplier holds particular significance, finding widespread use across various digital applications, notably in scientific computing and Digital Signal Processing. The pursuit of enhanced system performance necessitates the integration of a high-performance multiplier. The efficacy of the adder directly impacts the multiplier's efficiency. Since most of the time spent by a multiplier is on adding partial products, leading to considerable delays. This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of five commonly utilized adders—Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Save Adder (CSA), Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA), Carry Select Adder (CSLA), and Carry Skip Adder (CSKA)—across a 4-bit length to ascertain the most effective adder. The identified highperformance adder was subsequently employed in the design of three distinct 32-bit multipliers: Array, Booth, and Vedic. Utilizing the Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) for modeling, both adder and multiplier were simulated using Quartus Prime Lite. Performance comparison revolved around three key parameters: area, delay, and power consumption. Among the adders evaluated, the CLA adder exhibited approximately 15% less delay, alongside lower area and power consumption (1800 µm2 , 330 mW respectively) compared to its counterparts. Integration of the high-performance CLA adder into the Array multiplier showcased superior performance, evidenced by a significant reduction of approximately 50% in both area and delay, coupled with a notable 3.1% decrease in power dissipation compared to multipliers without CLA integration

A Neurexin2aa deficiency results in axon pathfinding defects and increased anxiety in zebrafish

AbstractNeurexins are presynaptic transmembrane proteins that control synapse activity and are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder. Zebrafish, a popular model for behavioral studies, has six neurexin genes, but their functions in embryogenesis and behavior remain largely unknown. We have previously reported that nrxn2a is aberrantly spliced and specifically dysregulated in motor neurons (MNs) in models of spinal muscular atrophy. In this study, we generated nrxn2aa−/− mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 to understand nrxn2aa function at the zebrafish neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and to determine the effects of its deficiency on adult behavior. Homozygous mutant embryos derived from heterozygous parents did not show obvious defects in axon outgrowth or synaptogenesis of MNs. In contrast, maternal-zygotic (MZ) nrxn2aa−/− mutants displayed extensively branched axons and defective MNs, suggesting a cell-autonomous role for maternally provided nrxn2aa in MN development. Analysis of the NMJs revealed enlarged choice points in MNs of mutant larvae and reduced co-localization of pre- and post-synaptic terminals, indicating impaired synapse formation. Severe early NMJ defects partially recovered in late embryos when mutant transcripts became strongly upregulated. Ultimately, however, the induced defects resulted in muscular atrophy symptoms in adult MZ mutants. Zygotic homozygous mutants developed normally but displayed increased anxiety at adult stages. Together, our data demonstrate an essential role for maternal nrxn2aa in NMJ synapse establishment, while zygotic nrxn2aa expression appears dispensable for synapse maintenance. The viable nrxn2aa−/− mutant furthermore serves as a novel model to study how an increase in anxiety-like behaviors impacts other deficits.</jats:p