Tillage-induced soil nitrous oxide fluxes from tow soils in the Manawatu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Enhanced greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) induced by agricultural practices is believed to be the major anthropogenic source. Studies conducted in New Zealand generally from pasture suggest low N₂O emission, however, there is little information for arable farming systems. Therefore, there is a need for a site-specific assessment of the impact of tillage practices on N₂O fluxes. This paper evaluates tillage system and land use effects on N₂O emissions at two sites using a closed chamber technique. Sites included a Kairanga silt loam where maize/barley was grown continuously for either 17 (K17) or 34 (K34) years, with a conventional tillage system (Kairanga), and an Ohakea silt loam where winter oats and summer fodder maize was double-cropped for five years with conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems (Massey). At both sites permanent pasture (PP) soil was used as a control. Spatial measurements for all treatments at Massey site showed large inherent variations in N₂O fluxes (a mean CV=119%) which reflected natural soil heterogeneity, and perhaps the measurement technique used rather than the real differences due to the tillage and cropping systems evaluated. N₂O emissions measured from December 1998 to September 1999 from the PP were significantly lower (1.66 kg N₂O-N/ha/year) than the CT and NT plots at 9.20 and 12.00 kg N₂O-N/ha/year respectively. However, there were no differences in N₂O emission rates between the CT and NT treatments. Cumulative coefficient of variation (CV) of treatments ranged from 39 to 140%. Seedbed preparation using power-harrow which was done within few days of ploughing the CT plots reduced N₂O emissions by 65% within the first hour after power-harrowing. However. N₂O emission rates returned to the pre-power harrowing levels one month after power-harrowing. There was strong relationship between log-transformed values of soil moisture content (SMC) and N₂O emissions in all treatments. PP (r = 0.73), CT (r = 0.75) and NT (r = 0.86). Seasonal variation in N₂O emission from the PP was in the order of winter=autumn>summer. Although fluxes in the CT were higher in winter than in the autumn season, there were no differences between the summer and autumn data. Similar to the PP. the seasonal variations in N₂O emission in the NT treatment were in the order of winter>autumn=summer. The estimated annual N₂O emissions from the PP. K17 and K34 (calculated as the mean of all individual closed cover chamber measurements between November 1998 and September 1999) from Kairanga site were similar at 3.24, 3.42 and 2.37 kg N₂O-N/ha/year, respectively. There were large variations in N₂O emissions during the year with the mean flux rates ranging from 0.175 to 13.32, 0.175 to 16.91 and 0.088 to 30.05 kg N₂O-N/ha/year in the PP, K17 and K34 fields, respectively. Although overall comparison of treatment means did not show any discernible differences between management practices, there were signs that the K34 had lower emissions compared to the PP. N₂O fluxes from the K17 and PP field appeared to be influenced by SMC. There is clear indication that low or negligible emissions occur when gravimetric soil water content is less than 30% in the PP. Although N₂O fluxes did not follow the rainfall patterns in the K17 and PP, linear regression analyses indicated low but significant relationship r = 0.46 and 0.53 (0.72 when log-transformed), respectively. In the K34 field. SMC did not seem to govern fluxes which were especially apparent during wet months of April and May. The linear regression analysis using the measured data revealed no relationship (r = 0.12) between the SMC and N₂O fluxes in the K34 treatment. Seasonal grouping of monthly log-transformed N₂O emissions showed significant differences in all treatments. Summer season N₂O emissions in the PP were the lowest than other seasons whereas no discernible differences were observed among other seasons. Although N₂O fluxes during spring and summer were similar in the K17 field, they were significantly lower than the winter and higher than autumn fluxes. There were considerably higher emissions in summer than in autumn in the K34 but seasonal variation between winter and spring was less profound. Spatial variability in N₂O fluxes was large during the year with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 10 to 82%, 12 to 99% and 9 to 137% for the PP, K17 and K34 fields, respectively

Strategi Menentukan Komponen Indikator dan Tolak Ukur Kinerja Belanja Langsung Bidang Sosial untuk Jangka Menengah pada APBD

This article examines the method to determine indicators and benchmarks of the performance of mid-term direct social expenses of the local administration\u27s budget. Indicators here refer to the means to plan and help communication process. Indicators are used for social evaluation in finding out the needs and priorities of the communities\u27 social rights in the development. The components of the social indicators include ideological social aspect, political social aspect, economical social aspect, cultural social aspect, and security social aspect

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS CREATED BY STUDENTS OF BUSINESS ENGLISH CLASS AT PGRI UNIVERSITY SEMARANG. LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN PADA MASYARAKAT, UNIVERSITAS PGRI SEMARANG

This study investigates the characteristics of English advertisements created by the students of Business English Class at the University of PGRI Semarang. There were 25 students taken as the sample since they had been trained how to analyse and make English advertisement. At the end of the training session, 60 pictures of educational, tourism, and health products were distributed and the students were asked to create their own advertisement under each picture. There were only 30advertisement texts eligible for further analysis. The analysis was done to its lexical aspects, syntactical features as well as its rhetorical devices. The results show that most of the students were able to make their own advertisement texts but most of the words are verb and noun (90%), simple sentence (93%), and only 2 out of 30 advertisement (6.6%) used rhetorical devices. They need more time to practice writing informative and attractive advertisement text. Thus, for the next class session, it is recommended that the lesson materials in the Business English shouldbe divided into two mainstreams: Business Writing and Business Advertisement and each mainstream should be taught for 7 class sessions. By having such division, the students will have an ample time to do some advertisement-text practices

Pemenuhan Hak Ekonomi Sosial dan Budaya (EKOSOB) Bagi Masyarakat Nelayan di Kota Padang

The aims of this research are to describe the aspects of social life of poor fishermen; to identify social intervention carried out by the government based on social condition of the fishermen; and find the violations toward economic, social, and cultural rights of the poor fishermen This study was conducted in some coast area of Padang. A qualitative approach has been used in this study. Based on data analysis, it is found that most of fishermen and their family could not access and get their economic, social, and cultural rights sufficiently. It seemed that government failed to meet their needs according to their human rights, especially the rights of economic, social, and cultural; moreover, it was indicated that violations have been frequently occurred toward their rights

Pengaruh Pemberian Daun Sengon (Albizzia Falcataria) Hasil Rendaman Dengan Larutan Ca(OH)2 Terhadap Bobot Karkas Dan Bobot Organ Pencernaan Ayam Pedaging

This research aims at meauring the use of Sengon soaked in kapur tohor and is effect on the performance of broiler. The Study used 100 broiler Hubber aged 3 days and 5 treatments ration which contain different sengon. The design used in this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatmen. Parameter measured were ration consumption, carcas, and digestive tract. The result of this study shows that the use of sengon in the ration is effective segnificantly (P<0,05) on the ration consumtion, carcass, and digestive tract. It could be concluded that sengon can be used up to 7,5% in the ration of the broiler

Kebudayaan Melayu Riau (Pantun, Syair, Gurindam)

Dalam budaya Melayu, ungkapan memegang peranan penting karena bentuk sastra ini lazim mengandung nilai-nilai nasihat dan tunjuk ajar yang kental dan bernas. Ungkapan-ungkapan dalam seni budaya Melayu biasanya dijalin dengan bahasa dalam seni budaya Melayu biasanya dijalin dengan bahasa yang indah dan sarat dengan makna serta simbol. Ungkapan-ungkapan tersebut dapat dituangkan dalam salah satunya berbentuk pantun, syair dan gurindam. Gurindam yaitu bentuk puisi lama yang terdiri dari dua baris, dengan bunyi akhir yang sama. Jadi semacam syair dua bait. Gurindam yang paling terkenal tentu saja Gurindam Dua Belas, karangan Raja Ali Haji, sastrawan Melayu terkemuka yang melegenda sepanjang zaman. Raja Ali Haji mengatakan bahwa gurindam yaitu perkataan yang bersajak juga pada akhirnya pasangannya tetapi sempurna perkataannya dengan satu pasangannya sahaja; jadilah seperti sajak yang pertama itu syarat dan sajak yang kedua itu jadi seperti jawab. Gurindam 12 ini lebih banyak bertemakan nasehat dalam bidang agama dan tata pergaualan masyarakat. Berikut ini beberapa penggalan dari Gurindam 12, yaitu dikutip dari Gurindam ke 8. Begitu juga hal dengan syair dan pantun biasanya digunakan sewaktu ada acara pernikahan dan acara2 tertentu bagi masyarakat Riau, Gurindam, Syair dan pantun adalah symbol kebanggaan bagi kebudayaan Riau

Design and simulation of solar grid-connected charger for electric vehicles

© 2018 IEEE. Electric Vehicles (EV) are playing major role in decreasing carbon emissions. The major problem so far with the Electric Vehicles are overloading the Distribution Grids and availability of enough charging stations. The main objective of this research is to design and install a solar powered charging station for EVs in the UAE environment. This research aims to focus on the need for the shifting from the traditional gas and petrol vehicles to Electric vehicles in the UAE. Additionally, the project intends to ease the problem of the additional load that these EVs impose on the grid by powering the charging station from solar energy. This will help evolve the existing transport system of the UAE into a cleaner and greener system. The project is divided mainly into three important parts. First of all, the system components are designed to match with the ratings of available most common EVs. Then the system has been modelled in DIgSILENT Power factory for the simulation and validation of design. Finally, the results from calculations and simulations are described and compared