How Ethics Affect Business

This paper shows the impact of ethics on business, where ethics are divided into several sections, including personal ethics, social ethics, religious and professional ethics. This research will focus on ethics policy in business and the importance of imposing it on employees and managers in the companies. Followed by the results of their application to employees and customers. This research employs a descriptive methodology, using literature studies as source of theories. The study case is taken in a Nissan company based in Japan

Impacts of Iraq's WTO Accession on Agriculture

This research investigates the pivotal role of Iraq's agricultural sector in its national economy, emphasizing its significance in ensuring food security, fostering economic growth, and contributing to employment, capital formation, and export earnings. Despite this importance, there exists a gap in understanding the implications of Iraq's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on its agricultural sector. The study aims to fill this gap by examining the conditions and obligations imposed by the WTO, permissible support types, and Iraq's economic resources. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, including literature review and empirical analysis, the research explores the potential for Iraq's agricultural sector advancement through strategic resource allocation and adoption of modern technologies. Findings reveal that Iraq possesses the necessary elements for economic development, particularly in agriculture, if resources are efficiently managed and modern techniques are embraced. The study offers conclusions and recommendations crucial for specialists in Iraqi economic affairs, especially those concerned with agricultural development and WTO implications

Impacts of Iraq's WTO Accession on Agriculture

This research investigates the pivotal role of Iraq's agricultural sector in its national economy, emphasizing its significance in ensuring food security, fostering economic growth, and contributing to employment, capital formation, and export earnings. Despite this importance, there exists a gap in understanding the implications of Iraq's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on its agricultural sector. The study aims to fill this gap by examining the conditions and obligations imposed by the WTO, permissible support types, and Iraq's economic resources. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, including literature review and empirical analysis, the research explores the potential for Iraq's agricultural sector advancement through strategic resource allocation and adoption of modern technologies. Findings reveal that Iraq possesses the necessary elements for economic development, particularly in agriculture, if resources are efficiently managed and modern techniques are embraced. The study offers conclusions and recommendations crucial for specialists in Iraqi economic affairs, especially those concerned with agricultural development and WTO implications

Causal Relationships Between Financial and Economic Development in Gulf Countries

Bu makale üç körfez ülkesi olan Bahreyn, Suudi Arabistan ve Kuveytte 19731988 yılları arasındaki 64 üç aylık dönem boyunca finansal ve ekonomik büyüklükler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerini irdelemektedir. Patrick’in gelişmenin farklı aşamalarındaki farklı nedensellik ilişkileri savı da analiz döneminin 1971-81 ve 198288 alt dönemlerine bölünmesi suretiyle sınanmaktadır. Araştırmada kullanılan finansal değişkenler M1, M2 ve toplam banka kredileri; ekonomik değişkenler ise her üç ülke için toplam ihracat, Kuveyt için ise ayrıca kamu harcamalarıdır. Araştırmada Granger’in nedensellik tanımına dayanan Sims modeli kullanılmış ve şu genel eğilimler saptanmıştır : Analiz döneminin tümü için nedensellik ilişkisi Kuveyt’te finansal değişkenlerden ekonomik değişkenlere doğru, Bahreyn’de ise ekonomik değişkenlerden finansal değişkenlere doğrudur. Suudi Arabistan için genelleme olanağı bulunamamıştır. 1973-81 alt döneminde Bahrain ve Suudi Arabistanda arz güdümlü ilişki saptanmış, Kuveytte ise net bir nedensellik ilişkisi görülememiştir. İkinci alt dönem olan 1982-88 döneminde ise her üç ülkede de talep güdümlü ilişki gözlenmiştir. Bu bulgular her üç ülkede 1973-1988 dönemindeki genel ekonomik gelişmelerle uyumludur.This paper examines the causal relationships between financial and economic aggregates in three Gulf countries, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, over the 64?quarterly period from 1973 to 1988.Patrick's causality patterns at different stages of economic development were also investigated by dividing the entire analysis period into the sub-periods of 1973?81, and 1982?88. Financial variables used were M1, M2 and the total bank credits. Exports in all the three countries plus government expenditures in Kuwait were employed as proxies to GDP. Sims' causality model which is based on Granger's definition was utilized and the following general patterns were detected: For the entire analysis period causality ran from financial to economic variables in Kuwait, but from economic to financial variables in Bahrain. While no generalization was possible for Saudi Arabia for the first sub-period (l973?81), a supply-leading phenomenon was dominant in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. In Kuwait the results were mixed. In the second sub-period (1982?88), the dominant relationship was demand following in all the three countries. These results were seen in conformity with the economic trends in these countries over the study period

Causal Relationships Between Financial and Economic Development in Gulf Countries

Bu makale üç körfez ülkesi olan Bahreyn, Suudi Arabistan ve Kuveytte 19731988 yılları arasındaki 64 üç aylık dönem boyunca finansal ve ekonomik büyüklükler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerini irdelemektedir. Patrick’in gelişmenin farklı aşamalarındaki farklı nedensellik ilişkileri savı da analiz döneminin 1971-81 ve 198288 alt dönemlerine bölünmesi suretiyle sınanmaktadır. Araştırmada kullanılan finansal değişkenler M1, M2 ve toplam banka kredileri; ekonomik değişkenler ise her üç ülke için toplam ihracat, Kuveyt için ise ayrıca kamu harcamalarıdır. Araştırmada Granger’in nedensellik tanımına dayanan Sims modeli kullanılmış ve şu genel eğilimler saptanmıştır : Analiz döneminin tümü için nedensellik ilişkisi Kuveyt’te finansal değişkenlerden ekonomik değişkenlere doğru, Bahreyn’de ise ekonomik değişkenlerden finansal değişkenlere doğrudur. Suudi Arabistan için genelleme olanağı bulunamamıştır. 1973-81 alt döneminde Bahrain ve Suudi Arabistanda arz güdümlü ilişki saptanmış, Kuveytte ise net bir nedensellik ilişkisi görülememiştir. İkinci alt dönem olan 1982-88 döneminde ise her üç ülkede de talep güdümlü ilişki gözlenmiştir. Bu bulgular her üç ülkede 1973-1988 dönemindeki genel ekonomik gelişmelerle uyumludur.This paper examines the causal relationships between financial and economic aggregates in three Gulf countries, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, over the 64?quarterly period from 1973 to 1988.Patrick's causality patterns at different stages of economic development were also investigated by dividing the entire analysis period into the sub-periods of 1973?81, and 1982?88. Financial variables used were M1, M2 and the total bank credits. Exports in all the three countries plus government expenditures in Kuwait were employed as proxies to GDP. Sims' causality model which is based on Granger's definition was utilized and the following general patterns were detected: For the entire analysis period causality ran from financial to economic variables in Kuwait, but from economic to financial variables in Bahrain. While no generalization was possible for Saudi Arabia for the first sub-period (l973?81), a supply-leading phenomenon was dominant in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. In Kuwait the results were mixed. In the second sub-period (1982?88), the dominant relationship was demand following in all the three countries. These results were seen in conformity with the economic trends in these countries over the study period

Radix-2² Algorithm for the Odd New Mersenne Number Transform (ONMNT)

\ua9 2023 by the authors. This paper introduces a new derivation of the radix- (Formula presented.) fast algorithm for the forward odd new Mersenne number transform (ONMNT) and the inverse odd new Mersenne number transform (IONMNT). This involves introducing new equations and functions in finite fields, bringing particular challenges unlike those in other fields. The radix- (Formula presented.) algorithm combines the benefits of the reduced number of operations of the radix-4 algorithm and the simple butterfly structure of the radix-2 algorithm, making it suitable for various applications such as lightweight ciphers, authenticated encryption, hash functions, signal processing, and convolution calculations. The multidimensional linear index mapping technique is the conventional method used to derive the radix- (Formula presented.) algorithm. However, this method does not provide clear insights into the underlying structure and flexibility of the radix- (Formula presented.) approach. This paper addresses this limitation and proposes a derivation based on bit-unscrambling techniques, which reverse the ordering of the output sequence, resulting in efficient calculations with fewer operations. Butterfly and signal flow diagrams are also presented to illustrate the structure of the fast algorithm for both ONMNT and IONMNT. The proposed method should pave the way for efficient and flexible implementation of ONMNT and IONMNT in applications such as lightweight ciphers and signal processing. The algorithm has been implemented in C and is validated with an example

Decarbonizing the electricity sector in Qatar

Limiting global warming to 1.5℃ requires transitioning to low-carbon electricity grids. In Qatar, high and predictable insolation synergetic with demand makes exploiting solar energy particularly attractive to decarbonize the electricity sector. With a hot desert climate, space-cooling drives demand, accounting for nearly half of annual electricity use. This dissertation analyzes a decarbonization pathway by exploiting solar PV generation combined with ice storage for cooling load shifting and battery storage for electric load shifting in a top-down approach by (i) assessing the potential for large-scale deployment, (ii) examining the subsequent problem of distributed energy resources capacity sizing, and (iii) proposing a solution to the arising demand side management problem. A carbon tax is examined to oppose cheap and plentiful natural gas. The analysis outcomes using a linear program show a strong potential for decarbonizing using PV-enabled solutions. While they cannot displace gas generations, their role is reduced to aid in meeting summer demands. Although buildings are well suited for distributed PV, Qatar is a better fit for utility-scale implementation because of reduced costs and higher output from solar tracking technology, and accessibility for cleaning as soiling on PV is a concern. Under the current gas price of $3.3/MMBtu, PV with ice storage could reduce emissions by 43$60/ton of CO₂ reduces emissions by 60%. Further reduction is difficult due to the misalignment of the summer electricity demand peak with the solar insolation peak, and ice storage cannot outcompete existing gas generation for a seasonal cooling load. Ice storage is fit to utilize the large idle chiller capacity in the shoulder season, particularly in less efficient systems, because an equal tank volume corresponds to a greater electric load shifting. Battery storage becomes economical with a carbon tax above $100/ton of CO₂ to manage non-cooling loads and is unsuitable for seasonal loads. Without a feed-in tariff, battery storage is better suited for utility-scale applications due to a reliable aggregate non-cooling load. Supported by battery storage, emissions could be reduced by 92$140/ton of CO₂ carbon tax. However, peak gas generation demand was only lowered by 66%. Linear models are useful to describe large systems, but they cannot be applied to an individual system. Instead, hybrid models combining models from first principles with data-driven parameters are developed. The distributed-scale capacity sizing problem is formulated in a bi-level optimization. The upper-level decided equipment capacities using particle swarm are passed down to solve the scheduling problem to estimate electricity charges in a mixed-integer linear program with piecewise linearization. The distributed-scale analysis affirmed the suitability of the decarbonization pathway. Buildings with dominant day-time demand, such as commercial buildings, are well positioned to benefit from exploiting distributed PV generation. Demand-side management for cooling systems becomes essential in transitioning to low-carbon power grids since intermittent renewable generations cannot be dispatched or perfectly predicted. An optimization strategy is developed to schedule and dispatch chiller systems with ice storage. The strategy decomposes the problem into a bi-level formulation solved using the genetic algorithm. The upper level decides the storage dispatch amount, and the lower level solves the scheduling problem at each time step. The penalty function method handles the scheduling problem's constraints, and with penalty factor tuning, premature convergence is eliminated. Compared to commonly used heuristic strategies, optimal control reduced cost by 11-33%. The gains are augmented with a more complex tariff structure like demand charge

Can meaningful work really moderate the relationship between supervisor support, coworker support and work Engagement?

Work engagement has gained much prominence over the recent decades. With the aim of address-ing the global engagement crisis, the current study examined how prominent job resources such as supervisor support, coworker support and meaningful work perceptions can influence work engagement. The study also tested the moderation of meaningful work on these relationships. 537 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of six large banks of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling using Smart PLS 2.0 resulted in strong positive relationship of supervisor support and coworker support with work engagement. The findings also concluded strong positive relationship between meaningful work and work engagement. Notably, the bootstrapping results also played significant moderation of meaningful work on the relationship between supervisor support and coworker support with work engagement. The study forwards theoretical and practical implications for future

Transurethral Resection for the Treatment of an Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Urinary Bladder: A Case Report

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) of the urinary bladder is a remarkably rare bladder tumor. To this day, no standardized treatment protocol has been recognized. Here we report a case of bladder IMT in a 14-year-old girl presenting with urgency, frequency, and gross painless hematuria for a week. Complete excision of the bladder IMT was amenable with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Follow-up cystoscopy did not detect any recurrence. Minimally invasive bladder-sparing treatments are a valid option for treating IMT of the bladder

) in an Emerging Economy

Abstract: This study explores the level of awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) among MBA students at a major Saudi university; MBA students were chosen for this research because these students represent future business leaders. All of the attending MBA students were surveyed, and 204 valid responses were used for the analysis. Four CSR dimensions were investigated: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic dimensions. Significant differences were found in the respondents' awareness of the CSR dimensions. Significant awareness differences were also found among the respondents based on gender, work experience, and managerial position. Implications, recommendations, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed