ARPES: A probe of electronic correlations

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is one of the most direct methods of studying the electronic structure of solids. By measuring the kinetic energy and angular distribution of the electrons photoemitted from a sample illuminated with sufficiently high-energy radiation, one can gain information on both the energy and momentum of the electrons propagating inside a material. This is of vital importance in elucidating the connection between electronic, magnetic, and chemical structure of solids, in particular for those complex systems which cannot be appropriately described within the independent-particle picture. Among the various classes of complex systems, of great interest are the transition metal oxides, which have been at the center stage in condensed matter physics for the last four decades. Following a general introduction to the topic, we will lay the theoretical basis needed to understand the pivotal role of ARPES in the study of such systems. After a brief overview on the state-of-the-art capabilities of the technique, we will review some of the most interesting and relevant case studies of the novel physics revealed by ARPES in 3d-, 4d- and 5d-based oxides.Comment: Chapter to appear in "Strongly Correlated Systems: Experimental Techniques", edited by A. Avella and F. Mancini, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences (2013). A high-resolution version can be found at: http://www.phas.ubc.ca/~quantmat/ARPES/PUBLICATIONS/Reviews/ARPES_Springer.pdf. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:cond-mat/0307085, arXiv:cond-mat/020850

The Importance of pH in Regulating the Function of the Fasciola hepatica Cathepsin L1 Cysteine Protease

The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cathepsin L cysteine proteases to invade its host, migrate through tissues and digest haemoglobin, its main source of amino acids. Here we investigated the importance of pH in regulating the activity and functions of the major cathepsin L protease FheCL1. The slightly acidic pH of the parasite gut facilitates the auto-catalytic activation of FheCL1 from its inactive proFheCL1 zymogen; this process was ∼40-fold faster at pH 4.5 than at pH 7.0. Active mature FheCL1 is very stable at acidic and neutral conditions (the enzyme retained ∼45% activity when incubated at 37°C and pH 4.5 for 10 days) and displayed a broad pH range for activity peptide substrates and the protein ovalbumin, peaking between pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. This pH profile likely reflects the need for FheCL1 to function both in the parasite gut and in the host tissues. FheCL1, however, could not cleave its natural substrate Hb in the pH range pH 5.5 and pH 7.0; digestion occurred only at pH≤4.5, which coincided with pH-induced dissociation of the Hb tetramer. Our studies indicate that the acidic pH of the parasite relaxes the Hb structure, making it susceptible to proteolysis by FheCL1. This process is enhanced by glutathione (GSH), the main reducing agent contained in red blood cells. Using mass spectrometry, we show that FheCL1 can degrade Hb to small peptides, predominantly of 4–14 residues, but cannot release free amino acids. Therefore, we suggest that Hb degradation is not completed in the gut lumen but that the resulting peptides are absorbed by the gut epithelial cells for further processing by intracellular di- and amino-peptidases to free amino acids that are distributed through the parasite tissue for protein anabolism

Comparison study of two glimepiride formulations bioavailability in healthy volunteers of both sexes after a single dose administration

Objective: To compare the bioavailability of two glimepiride 4-mg tablet formulation in 26 healthy volunteers of both sexes. Material and methods: The study was conducted open with randomized two-period crossover design and a 14-day washout period. Samples were obtained over a 48-hour interval. Glimepiride concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS-MS. From the glimepiride plasma concentration versus time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUC((0-last)), AUC((0-t)), AUC((0-infinity)), K-e, T-1/2, C-max, and T-max, Results: Geometric mean of Glimepirida/Amaryl (R) 4 mg was 102.35% for AUC((0-t)), 102.35% for AUC((0-infinity)) and 99.31% for C-max. The 90% Cl was 92.62-109.55%; 95.62-109.55% e 88.60-111.32%, respectively. Conclusion: Since the 90% Cl for both C-max AUC((0-t)), and AUC((0-infinity)) were within the interval of 80-125%, it was concluded that both formulations were bioequivalent, according to both the rate and extent of absorption.51695095

Degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under vacuum and one atmosphere of nitrogen

Extensive studies have focused on improving the operational stability of perovskite solar cells, but few have surveyed the fundamental degradation mechanisms. One aspect overlooked in earlier works is the effect of the atmosphere on device performance during operation. Here we investigate the degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells operated under vacuum and under a nitrogen atmosphere using synchrotron radiation-based operando grazing-incidence X-ray scattering methods. Unlike the observations described in previous reports, we find that light-induced phase segregation, lattice shrinkage and morphology deformation occur under vacuum. Under nitrogen, only lattice shrinkage appears during the operation of solar cells, resulting in better device stability. The different behaviour under nitrogen is attributed to a larger energy barrier for lattice distortion and phase segregation. Finally, we find that the migration of excessive PbI2 to the interface between the perovskite and the hole transport layer degrades the performance of devices under vacuum or under nitrogen

Levantamento fitossociológico e produção de forragem em pasto de capim-gordura

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de efetuar o levantamento fitossociológico em um pasto de capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv), que vinha sendo pastejado por bovinos de corte, há mais de dez anos, sem estratégia de manejo definida. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG. Para avaliação das características fitossociológicas e da massa seca das plantas daninhas e da forrageira, utilizou-se o método do quadrado inventário, aplicando-se um quadrado de 0,25 m2, lançado, ao acaso, 40 vezes, na pastagem, perfazendo uma área amostral de 10 m2. Em toda a área experimental, foram identificadas 31 espécies e 12 famílias botânicas, tendo como destaque as famílias Poaceae, com oito espécies, e Asteraceae, com sete espécies. A forrageira cultivada M. minutiflora P.Beauv, corresponde a 24,26% da produção total de massa seca, entre espécies levantadas na área. Estes resultados indicam estádio avançado de degradação do pasto de capim-gordura, com elevada infestação por plantas daninhas, inclusive espécies consideradas tóxicas, epinescentes e de alta competitividade com as forrageiras, o que o caracteriza como pasto de baixa capacidade de suporte