Startegi Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SD X di Salatiga Ditinjau dari Motivasi Belajar dan Kedisiplinan

Pendidikan formal dimulai dari tahap sekolah dasar dimana seorang anak mendapatkan semua informasi yang dialami dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Luas wilayah Indonesia yang sangat luas menjadi salah satu faktor kurangnya kemerataan kualitas, mutu dan sumberdaya yang ada. Kualitas pendiidkan dapat dilihat dari hasil belajar siswa. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil belajar adalah motivasi belajar dan kedisiplinan. Kedua hal tersebut memiliki keterkaitan satu sama lain terhasap hasil belajar. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan sebuah penelitian tentang apa strategi yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa SD X di Salatiga ditinjau dari motivasi belajar dan kedisiplinan. Untuk mendapatkan jawaban dari pertanyaan di atas maka dilakukan sebuah penelitian dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara dan pengambilan nilai sebagai hasil belajar siswa. Setelah data dianalisis dapat diketahui bahwa data tersebut normal sehingga dilakukan tindak lanjut dengan medan ggunakan uji normalitas data menggunakan metode stepwise. Uji tersebut menghasilkan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi hasil belajar siswa adalah disiplin. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan, maka perlu dilakukan treatment khusus pada disiplin siswa sehingga dapat berpengaruh juga pada hasil belajar

Adherence of Salmonella typhimurium to murine peritoneal macrophages

Salmonella species are responsible for wide spread disease in both humans, and animals and macrophages (MO play a central role in host defenses against disease. Recent evidence has shown that MO bear surface receptors involved in direct microbial recognition. Using the mouse model and a virulent strain of S. typhimurium, we have attempted to determine the means by which peritoneal MO recognize this pathogen in the absence of serum factors. Bacterial adherence was monitored by direct microscopic visualization and by flow cytometry. Two strains of S. typhimurium strains 1826 and ATCC 14028 were used in this model. Adherence was much lower for strain 1826. Homologous wildtype lipopolysaccharide and, to lesser extent, Re glycolipid and the core sugar 2-keto-deoxyoctonate (KDO) effectively blocked bacterial binding. Two-deoxyglucose, known to inhibit phagocytosis via complement receptors (CR) or Fc receptors, and neutrophil elastase, which specifically cleaves CR1, each reduced binding. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ chains of CR3 also reduced binding. Residual bacterial binding activity remained even when both CR1 and CR3 were blocked. We suggest that the initial recognition is a multifactorial process involving ligands on the bacterial LPS and both CR1 and CR3 plus other as yet unidentified MO structures. The role of other receptors on MO was also examined. Antibody to C1q receptor enhanced binding of Salmonella to MO while antibodies to the Mac-2 and Mac-3 receptors had no effect. Using electrophoresis and Western blot techniques, we were able to isolate two MO membrane-proteins each with molecular weight of 16 and 13 kilodaltons. The proteins were identified by labeled bacteria cells. Similarly, we have identified S. typhimurium outer membrane protein that binds to macrophage. The protein has a molecular mass of 44 kilodaltons and is expressed under anaerobic conditions

Biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis using corn steep liquor as culture medium

In this work, biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis #573 was evaluated using corn steep liquor (CSL) as culture medium. The best results were obtained in a culture medium consisting of 10% (v/v) of CSL, with a biosurfactant production of about 1.3 g/l. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing biosurfactant production by B. subtilis using CSL as culture medium. Subsequently, the effect of different metals (iron, manganese, and magnesium) on biosurfactant production was evaluated using the medium CSL 10%. It was found that for all the metals tested, the biosurfactant production was increased (up to 4.1, 4.4, and 3.5 g/l for iron, manganese, and magnesium, respectively). When the culture medium was supplemented with the optimum concentration of the three metals simultaneously, the biosurfactant production was increased up to 4.8 g/l. Furthermore, the biosurfactant exhibited a good performance in oil recovery assays when compared with chemical surfactants, which suggests its possible application in microbial enhanced oil recovery or bioremediation.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Strategic Project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013 and project ref. RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (project number FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) funded by Fundacao para aCiencia e a Tecnologia, and from AdI (Agencia de Inovacao, S.A.), through the project BIOCLEAN - "Development of biosurfactant- based products for surfaces cleaning and desinfection in the food industry" (QREN Ref. 30215)

Isolating and studying the effect of natural products isolated from the Alhagi maurorum Medik on the level of sirtuin7 and some biochemical variables in mice with cardiovascular diseases

The study included the isolation and diagnosis of various natural products from Aqul. The oily substance, its fatty acids, and the flavonoid compounds were isolated and diagnosed by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Also, alkaloids were isolated. It was observed that the products elevated the level of enzyme sirtuin7, and it positively reflected along with their positive effects on all other measured biochemical variables. It also checked the influence of these products on some biochemical variables related to the cardiovascular disease in the serum of the diseased mice. Among these biochemical variables were sirtuin7 (SIRT7), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). For example, the level of SIRT7, GPx, and GSH significantly decreased in the infected mice compared to healthy mice, while TNF-a and MDA levels showed

Evaluation of the effect of Castanea sativa extracts on lipoxygenase activity

Lipoxygenase LOX is a lipolysis enzyme that oxidises unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic and linoleic acids to form unhealthy chemicals such as dienes, leukotrienes and malondialdehyde in advanced oxidation, which is harmful to cells. In this study, the polyphenols and saponins compounds were extracted from Castanea sativa using Soxhlet for 3 days. Colourimetric and HPLC techniques were used to identify polyphenols and saponins in the extracts respectively. The effects of these extracts were evaluated on LOX activity, which was purified from the liver of Iraqi Cows (AL-Sharabi Cows) as well as on E. coli and Pseudomonas bacteria resistance. According to the LOX purification procedures, the specific activity increased from 0.001 to 0.03 U/mg with a purification fold of 30 times and a yield percentage of 174. Gallic acid 7.72 mg, Rutin 29.25 mg, Quercetin 27.6 mg, kaempferol 34.42 mg, Apigenin 5.25 mg and Catechin 25.8 mg/100 gm of Castanea fruit was obtained. The inhibitory effect of polyphenol and saponin extracts on LOX activity was at 100 and 40 µg respectively. Line weaver-Burk plot was used to investigate the type of inhibition that was found non-competitive. However, these extracts were studied at concentrations of 500, 250 and 125 µg on bacteria resistance. Polyphenols had the best effect at 500 and 125 µg on E. coli and Pseudomonas bacteria respectively. Whereas, saponin had the best effect at 250 and 125 µg for E. coli and 125 µg for Pseudomonas

The Continued Presence of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria and Heavy Metals at one of the World’s Most Important Green Turtles’ Nesting Location, Ras al-Jinz Reserve, Oman

Environmental contamination of marine habitats is a global concern, especially in areas that are crucial for endangered species’ life cycles. To gain a comprehensive understanding of environmental contamination, analyzing various biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems is necessary. Situated in the Arabian Peninsula, Ras al-Jinz Reserve serves as an invaluable nesting site for green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). There, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains and heavy metals was assessed by collecting samples from diverse components of this ecosystem, including sand from turtle nests, dead turtle hatchlings, fresh turtle eggs, oviductal fluids from nestling turtles, turtle carapace smears, live crabs, and seawater. Microbial fauna was identified using a MALDI-TOF Biotyper. The concentration of heavy metals was measured by an inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Among the isolated bacterial strains, 70 heterotrophic species belonging to eleven genera were identified, with over 46% of isolates belonging to the Pseudomonas species. More than 85% of isolates displayed antibiotic resistance but had negligible resistance to chloride. Of the 23 heavy metals assessed, Titanium and, in lesser measure Vanadium, were found in the highest concentrations, reaching up to 12 µg g-1. While such concentrations might not be immediately alarming, they are significant enough to warrant attention due to the potential health and environmental impacts. These results obtained over a decade after the last monitoring in the Reserve provide compelling evidence of the persistent presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Additionally, the study confirms the prevalence of heavy metals, the sources of which remain unknown but are likely from anthropogenic sources. It is crucial to implement measures that mitigate sea turtles’ exposure to contaminants in Ras al-Jinz Reserve. Regular monitoring efforts are required to assess the emergence of discernible contamination trends in this critically important area. Keywords: Chelonian conservation; Environmental contamination assessment; Microbial contamination; Biological reserve; Coastal pollution

Implementation of Abdullah Saeed's Contextualization in Hadith Analysis: A Case Study of Hadith Responding to Non-Muslim Greetings

This paper aims to formulate Abdullah Saeed's idea of contextualisation in the context of Hadith analysis. Therefore, the first step is that the author tries to dissect the epistemic basis of Abdullah Saeed's contextualisation method with a linguistic approach, namely semantic and pragmatic aspects. After dissecting with these two sciences, the basic ideas about contextualisation will be found. From there, the procedural steps of contextualisation are formulated, which are then used to understand the case of the Hadith of answering the greeting to non-Muslims. Based on the above analysis, there are several things that can be concluded. Firstly, the implementation of Abdullah Saeed's ideas in hadith studies is possible. Second, based on the linguistic approach the steps of contextualisation in hadith studies can be detailed as follows: (1) examining the characteristics of the text; (2) looking for the semantic/linguistic meaning of the text; (3), looking for the pragmatic meaning (context) of the text (surface meaning); (4), looking for the deep meaning; and (5) dialoguing all these elements with the reality and situation of the reader. Third, the results of contextualisation of answering non-Muslim greetings based on this approach are: (1) the issue of answering the greeting belongs to the area of mu'amalah; (2) answering the wrong of non-Muslims in the Indonesian context should at least be equivalent to what was said, and exceeding the answer is an act of ihsan; (3) the hadith contains universal fundamental values, namely that verbal violence committed by non-Muslims against Muslims must be responded gently (unemotional), prioritising unity and peace. In addition, the attitude of justice and ihsan must be taken into account; and (4) the further consequence of this is that giving the greeting first as a broadcast of Islam becomes a permissibility

Wireless aquatic navigator for detection and analysis (WANDA)

The cost of monitoring and detecting pollutants in natural waters is of major concern. Current and forthcoming bodies of legislation will continue to drive demand for spatial and selective monitoring of our environment, as the focus increasingly moves towards effective enforcement of legislation through detection of events, and unambiguous identification of perpetrators. However, these monitoring demands are not being met due to the infrastructure and maintenance costs of conventional sensing models. Advanced autonomous platforms capable of performing complex analytical measurements at remote locations still require individual power, wireless communication, processor and electronic transducer units, along with regular maintenance visits. Hence the cost base for these systems is prohibitively high, and the spatial density and frequency of measurements are insufficient to meet requirements. In this paper we present a more cost effective approach for water quality monitoring using a low cost mobile sensing/communications platform together with very low cost stand-alone ‘satellite’ indicator stations that have an integrated colorimetric sensing material. The mobile platform is equipped with a wireless video camera that is used to interrogate each station to harvest information about the water quality. In simulation experiments, the first cycle of measurements is carried out to identify a ‘normal’ condition followed by a second cycle during which the platform successfully detected and communicated the presence of a chemical contaminant that had been localised at one of the satellite stations

Antibiotic resistant bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic environments: A review

Antibiotic resistant bacteria have become increasingly widespread in environment and their prevalence is a serious problem for health. The rise and spread of this resistance is primarily due to overuse of antibiotics in clinical therapeutics and as growth promoters for livestock. Overuse undermines the usefulness of antibiotics by giving a selective advantage to microbes that are resistant. The problem has been exacerbated by the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, and by the ability of these resistance determinants to spread horizontally between different bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Such transfer can, for example, take place in the guts of farm animals, which can become reservoirs of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB). Antibiotics and MARB enter the environment via wastewater, especially from hospitals and pharmaceutical plants, and through agricultural runoff, leading to contamination of surface and ground water. This is a serious problem in arid regions such as Oman where wastewater is recycled for irrigation and recharging aquifers. Even treatment with chlorine does not completely remove bacteria from wastewater or prevent their re-growth in downstream distribution systems. MARB can reach humans via contaminated food and drinking water, or directly from the environment. Agricultural runoff and sewage, either treated or untreated, are also the main sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal sea water. It is necessary to use antibiotics more prudently in medicine, treat wastewater more effectively, eliminate the discharge of untreated waste into the environment, and curtail the profligate use of antibiotics as growth promoters for livestock.Â

Perbandingan Tarif Tindakan Operasi Berdasarkan Relative Value Unit (RVU), Indonesia Case Based Groups (INA-CBG’s) dan Tarif Kolegium

Adanya berbagai jenis tarif dan kesenjangan terhadap jasa pelayanan khususnya tindakan operasi menjadikan peluang sekaligus ancaman bagi rumah sakit untuk menentukan tarif pelayanan mana yang harus ikuti sesuai dengan daya beli masyarakat dengan melakukan analisis perbandingan tariff yaitu tarif berdasarkan Relative Value Unit (RVU), tarif berdasarkan Indonesia Case Based Groups (INA-CBG’s) dan tarif Kolegium untuk tindakan operasi sehingga dengan analisis ini, diharapkan menjadi acuan bagi rumah sakit dalam menerapkan tarif pelayanan yang lebih rasional. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode analisis komparatif tarif yang dimaksudkan untuk membandingkan perbedaan antara tarif berdasarkan Relative Value Unit (RVU), Indonesia Case Base Groups (INA-CBG’s) dan tarif kolegium di kamar operasi RSUD Embung Fatimah Kota Batam Kepulauan Riau tahun 2013. Analisis perbandingan tarif menunjukkan penetapan tarif dengan menggunakan RVU dengan pendekatan DDIII sudah sesuai diterapkan untuk masyarakat miskin penerima bantuan melalui program Jamkesmas atau tarif yang diberlakukan dalam sistem pembayaran INA-CBG memiliki nilai CRR untuk UC DDIII sudah mendekati 100%. Namun beberapa sub diagnosis masih dibutuhkan penyesuaian tarif.