Sport Marketing: Reality and Hope in Jordan

Marketing is defined as the key used to achieve the objectives of the sport institution which is providing the market with its  needs . The consumers’ behaviour towards the athletic product leads to what is known as the appearance of the sport marketing . Therefore ,sport marketing started to be as an independent science that has its own identity.  Sport has become an attractive element in the world of globalization . Many elements attract the consumers towards the athletic product more and more as a result of the world of competition between the institutions that get interested in sport as a field of business. This trend gives the priority to  understand the processes of sport production and specialized marketing regarding this field as a mechanism to create a position to the sport product in the Market . Sport marketing in Jordan  has not reached the level of significance yet and the ability to get benefit of the available opportunities regarding sport production is still absent. The problem that Jordan faces in marketing  is that how to market the product and encourage the consumer to buy it. So many plans were proposed to face the competitors and many strategies were  put to meet the consumers’ desires and needs. And as a result , sport sector started to develop rapidly where many specializations appeared looking for who consume them and ask for them. Keywords : marketing – sport marketing –sport production-Marketing Mi

The Extent of Adopting a Hierarchical Interpretative Structure by the ILC in Arts 31-2 of the VCLT to Remove the Legal Uncertainty from Treaty Interpretation

Treaty interpretation is a matter of legal uncertainty because of not having a hierarchical structure to regulate implementing interpretative rules. Therefore, Some interpretative schools, such as the textual, the contextual and the objective and purpose are emerged; each school believes its approach the most effective to achieve the goal from treaty interpretation. Although the ILC sought to resolve this uncertainty through codifying interpretative norms in Articles 31 and 332 of the VCLT, it is argued that the ILC failed in achieving this goal because of not codifying a hierarchical structure to regulate applying interpretative norms. Nonetheless, reviewing ILC’s relevant reports and the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties 1968 leads to reach a hierarchical structure regulates implementing interpretative rules. This structure stipulates firstly resorting to the textual approach; however, if the text is insufficient, the contextual approach shall be directly resorted to. Regarding the purpose and objective approach, it shall not be implemented in isolation from other approaches to avoid exploiting it to achieve self-interests. Regarding supplementary means, they can be exclusively used to either confirm reached interpretations by the aforementioned approaches or to decide which meaning is correct when these aforementioned approaches lead to either obscure or ambiguous meanings or to unreasonable or unclear result

New Discovery of Fe - Mn Mineralization along Abu Asal Fault Dead Sea Area, Central Jordan

This work is describing a new discovery of iron - manganese deposit in central Jordan. The geology and mineralogy of Lower Cretaceous Kurnub sandstone hosted Fe- Mn mineralization in the area of Wadi Abu Asal was investigated. The mineralization is interesting as it's restricted to the Neogene NNE-SSW trending fault zone, which is related and parallel to the major Dead Sea fault system. In addition, it is outcropping in an area that compresses many hot springs and geothermal indications. The vein type mineralization is the dominating feature, which indicated an epigenetic mineralization. The major oxides geochemistry reveals the hydrothermal origin of the ore, were Fe and Mn have negative correlation with Si and Ca, which are the main elements forming the minerals of the hosting rocks. The mineral phases of iron deposit are the goethite and magnetite. Keywords: Fe-mineralization; Jordan, hydrothermal, veins, goethite; magnetit

Enhancing Water Resource Management in Arid Areas, Disi Basin -Jordan

Abstract: Water shortage is a main issue in Jordan as the annual share per capita is less than 145 cubic meters that categorizes Jordan as one of the top five poorest countries in the world in respect to fresh water resources. Limited financial and natural resources and water shortage play significant constraint to development; concurrently the population growth is 2.3%, in addition to large number of refugees from neighboring countries since 1948. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) including implementation of decision support tools is necessary to balance the present demand and future generations. Decision support system software based on Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) used to analyze multiple variables associated with agricultural crops. The MCA utilized Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which resulted in the prioritization of sustainable water policies for management in the Disi Basin (the biggest non renewable ground water basin in Jordan). The inputs to the MCA were generated through applying of Modflow (groundwater), Penman Montieth models and the estimated water productivity of agricultural and industrial sectors. The use of MCA led to develop good management practices of water resources and also recommended how to enhance a long-term sustainability in Disi Basin, while allowing for water utilization and economic growth. It can be concluded that the MCA tool and AHP are potentially positive tools contributing to the process of decision-making for selection and ranking of alternatives and policies, therefore helping in solving problems and sustaining the management of the precious water resources

The Degree of Availability of the Standards of the National Framework for Academic Qualifications in Early Childhood in Jordan from the Point of View of female teachers

The current study aimed to identify the most important Standards of the National Framework for Academic Qualifications (SNFAQ) in the Early Childhood Stage in Jordan. The study adopted a descriptive approach to achieve the aim of the study. Further, established a questionnaire for the degree of availability of the criteria for the SNFAQ in early childhood in Jordan. As the final form, the questionnaire consisted of three dimensions and (65) items. The current study sample consisted of 135 kindergarten teachers in the private and public sectors in Amman city. The study results showed that the degree of availability of the SNFAQ in early childhood curricula in Jordan came with a medium degree, with a mean (2.82) and a standard deviation (0.61). Moreover, attributed no statistically significant differences in the degree of availability of the SNFAQ in the early childhood stage in Jordan to kindergarten type and experience. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in the degree of availability of the SNFAQ in Early Childhood in Jordan due to academic qualification and favouring those with postgraduate qualifications. Finally, a set of recommendations were made in light of the results of the study, including Increasing the interest of officials in the Ministry of Education, including leaders of kindergartens, about the importance of the SNFAQ, identifying an executive body to follow up on the inclusion of standards, and conducting studies similar to the current study on kindergarten departments in Jordanian universities. Keywords

Affirmation Comparative Study Between Traditional Contract and Electronic Contract

In the electronic environment, several contracts will be conducted; especially that contracting is permissible legally through this mean. Since the contracting involves the affirmation and acceptance, I will address the electronic affirmation distinguishing it from the conventional affirmation. I have used the comparative analytical description method.I have divided this research into two sections; the first one addressed the theory of contract, where the affirmation can be discussed only after clarifying the contract theory and indicating some specificity with respect to electronic contracting, while the second section addressed the affirmation, as a major pillar of contract by comparing conventional contract and electronic contracting

The Structure of Management Information System and its Impact on the Management of the Corona Crisis in Jordanian Universities

Purpose: This paper aims to identify the impact of structuring management information systems in managing the Corona crisis in Jordanian universities.   Theoretical Framework: This paper discusses the impact of structuring management information systems in Jordanian universities in managing the Corona crisis. In addition, how has the organizational and administrative structure of Jordanian universities impacted the management of the Corona crisis? and the role of technical structuring in Jordanian university crisis management?   Design/methodology/approach: The population of this study include all public and private Jordanian universities, and the sample consisted of (384) respondents from the deans of academic faculties, heads of departments, and members of the teaching staff in these universities, this paper considered one of the field research in which the researcher followed the descriptive analytical method,  The data were analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences  program, and the hypotheses were tested using arithmetic means, standard deviation, and multiple and simple linear regression analysis.   Findings: The results showed a statistically significant effect of the elements of the structuring of management information systems (organizational, administrative and technical structuring) in managing the Corona crisis in Jordanian universities, and it was found that the universities responded immediately to contain the Corona crisis by the way of distributing tasks in a short period when it occurs, and as periodic meetings were held to prepare to deal with the Corona crisis.   Research, Practical & Social implications: The structuring of management information systems plays a major role in the growth and development of the global economy. Therefore, management information systems and its various tools have become the mainstay and technical base for advancement in the field of e-business, telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-government.     Originality/value: This study sheds light on the degree to which Jordanian private universities (student community) keep up with contemporary administrative systems, concepts, and models, in particular with regard to the impact of structuring management information systems in managing the Corona crisis in Jordanian private universities, which are regarded as one of the interdisciplinary research centers in the world

Fiscal Policy Interaction with Private Investment: The Case of Jordan

The purpose of this study was to find the impact of fiscal policy on private investment in Jordan. Stepwise regression method was utilized for this purpose. The model expresses private investment (PI) as a function of various levels and components of fiscal policy that include current expenditure (CE), capital expenditure (CI), internal public debt (IPD), external public debt (EPD), and tax revenue (TR). The statistical results indicate that the most effective variable on private investment in Jordan is current expenditure. We found that the coefficient of determination = 0.78 which is reflect the importance of this variable on private investment in Jordan. Recommendations were given based on results

Numerical modeling of the impact of pump wavelength on Yb-doped fiber amplifier performance

Ytterbium-doped optical amplifiers have become common tools for industrial applications due to their high efficiency, relatively low cost and potentially very high output power level. The efficiency of an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier depends mainly on the absorption of pump radiation, and, therefore, optimum pump wavelengths have been proposed such as 915 nm. However, the semiconductor pump diodes batch supplied by manufacturers may exhibit a spread in the output wavelength. This paper theoretically investigates the performance of Yb-doped amplifiers for different pump wavelengths and defines the pump power penalty when the pump source does not emit at the optimum wavelength. The penalty has been defined as normalized excess pump power required to achieve the desired gain