P(P bar)P elastic scattering and cosmic ray data

It is shown that the total cross section for pp elastic scattering at cosmic ray energies, as well as the total cross section, the slope parameter b(s,t) and the differential cross section for small momentum transfer at ISR and collider energies for p(p)p elastic scattering can be simultaneously fitted by using a simple Regge pole model. The results of this theory is discussed in detail

Agricultural Terms of Trade in Pakistan: Issues of Profitability and Standard of Living of the Farmers

Liberalisation policies have a major impact on the profitability, employment, and incomes in agriculture sector, as well as on living standards and the poverty levels in the rural areas. In the wake of the IMF structural adjustment programmes and the new emerging trade scenario, the Government of Pakistan, in addition to eliminating input subsidies, is also reluctant to increase support prices for various crops. This has initiated a debate. One view is that the Government must support agricultural prices and farmers must be protected from the decline in market prices of agricultural commodities. The contrasting view is that the subsidies have made the agriculture sector highly dependent on government support, and in order to survive in the WTO trade regime the sector must become highly competitive, efficient, and self-dependent. This paper computes relative price changes in the crop sector to explore whether profitability in this sector has improved or deteriorated. Another goal is to gauge the impact of price changes on the standard of living of the farmers. For this purpose, various terms of trade are calculated. The terms of trade for the crop sector are defined as the ratio of the index of prices received by the crop sector and the index of prices paid by the sector. The paper also probes how movements in international crop prices affect the profitability in the sector and the standard of living of the farmers. The empirical findings, based on the data from 1983-84 to 2002-03, show that the purchasing power and profitability of the farmers in the crop sector have not improved over the last twenty years.Agricultural Trade, Standard of Living, Pakistan

Optimal passive filter design for effective utilization of cables and transformers under non-sinusoidal conditions

Transformers and cables have overheating and reduced loading capabilities under non-sinusoidal conditions due to the fact that their losses increases with not only rms value but also frequency of the load current. In this paper, it is aimed to employ passive filters for effective utilization of the cables and transformers in the harmonically contaminated power systems. To attain this goal, an optimal passive filter design approach is provided to maximize the power factor definition, which takes into account frequency-dependent losses of the power transmission and distribution equipment, under non-sinusoidal conditions. The obtained simulation results show that the proposed approach has a considerable advantage on the reduction of the total transmission loss and the transformer loading capability under non-sinusoidal conditions when compared to the traditional optimal filter design approach, which aims to maximize classical power factor definition. On the other hand, for the simulated system cases, both approaches lead to almost the same current carrying (or loading) capability value of the cables. © 2014 IEEE.This work is supported by Turkish Republic Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology and BEST Transformers Co. under the project number of 01008.STZ.2011 - 2

QCD analysis of neutrino charged current structure function F2 in deep inelastic scattering

An analytic expression for the neutrino charged current structure function F sub 2 (x, Q sup 2) in deep inelastic scattering, consistent with quantum chromodynamics, is proposed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experiment

An algorithm for optimal sizing of the capacitor banks under non-sinusoidal and unbalanced conditions

In non-sinusoidal and unbalanced systems, optimal sizing of the capacitor banks is not a straightforward task as in sinusoidal and balanced systems. In this paper, by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis, it is interpreted that the classical capacitor selection algorithm widely implemented in Reactive Power Control (RPC) relays does not achieve optimal power factor improvement in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced systems. Accordingly, a computationally efficient algorithm is proposed to find the optimal capacitor bank for smart RPC relays. It is further shown in a simulated test case by using Matlab software that the proposed algorithm provides better power factor improvement when compared with the classical algorithm. It is also figured out from the simulation results that both algorithms cause almost the same harmonic distortion and unbalance deterioration levels in the system