How pairs of partners emerge in an initially fully connected society

A social group is represented by a graph, where each pair of nodes is connected by two oppositely directed links. At the beginning, a given amount $p(i)$ of resources is assigned randomly to each node $i$. Also, each link $r(i,j)$ is initially represented by a random positive value, which means the percentage of resources of node $i$ which is offered to node $j$. Initially then, the graph is fully connected, i.e. all non-diagonal matrix elements $r(i,j)$ are different from zero. During the simulation, the amounts of resources $p(i)$ change according to the balance equation. Also, nodes reorganise their activity with time, going to give more resources to those which give them more. This is the rule of varying the coefficients $r(i,j)$. The result is that after some transient time, only some pairs $(m,n)$ of nodes survive with non-zero $p(m)$ and $p(n)$, each pair with symmetric and positive $r(m,n)=r(n,m)$. Other coefficients $r(m,i\ne n)$ vanish. Unpaired nodes remain with no resources, i.e. their $p(i)=0$, and they cease to be active, as they have nothing to offer. The percentage of survivors (i.e. those with with $p(i)$ positive) increases with the velocity of varying the numbers $r(i,j)$, and it slightly decreases with the size of the group. The picture and the results can be interpreted as a description of a social algorithm leading to marriages.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Entangled Stories: The Red Jews in Premodern Yiddish and German Apocalyptic Lore

“Far, far away from our areas, somewhere beyond the Mountains of Darkness, on the other side of the Sambatyon River…there lives a nation known as the Red Jews.” The Red Jews are best known from classic Yiddish writing, most notably from Mendele's Kitser masoes Binyomin hashlishi (The Brief Travels of Benjamin the Third). This novel, first published in 1878, represents the initial appearance of the Red Jews in modern Yiddish literature. This comical travelogue describes the adventures of Benjamin, who sets off in search of the legendary Red Jews. But who are these Red Jews or, in Yiddish, di royte yidelekh? The term denotes the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, the ten tribes that in biblical times had composed the Northern Kingdom of Israel until they were exiled by the Assyrians in the eighth century BCE. Over time, the myth of their return emerged, and they were said to live in an uncharted location beyond the mysterious Sambatyon River, where they would remain until the Messiah's arrival at the end of time, when they would rejoin the rest of the Jewish people. This article is part of a broader study of the Red Jews in Jewish popular culture from the Middle Ages through modernity. It is partially based on a chapter from my book, Umstrittene Erlöser: Politik, Ideologie und jüdisch-christlicher Messianismus in Deutschland, 1500–1600 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011). Several postdoctoral fellowships have generously supported my research on the Red Jews: a Dr. Meyer-Struckmann-Fellowship of the German Academic Foundation, a Harry Starr Fellowship in Judaica/Alan M. Stroock Fellowship for Advanced Research in Judaica at Harvard University, a research fellowship from the Heinrich Hertz-Foundation, and a YIVO Dina Abramowicz Emerging Scholar Fellowship. I thank the organizers of and participants in the colloquia and conferences where I have presented this material in various forms as well as the editors and anonymous reviewers of AJS Review for their valuable comments and suggestions. I am especially grateful to Jeremy Dauber and Elisheva Carlebach of the Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia University, where I was a Visiting Scholar in the fall of 2009, for their generous encouragement to write this article. Sue Oren considerably improved my English. The style employed for Romanization of Yiddish follows YIVO's transliteration standards. Unless otherwise noted, translations from the Yiddish, Hebrew, German, and Latin are my own. Quotations from the Bible follow the JPS translation, and those from the Babylonian Talmud are according to the Hebrew-English edition of the Soncino Talmud by Isidore Epstein

Tevye the Dairyman and The Railroad Stories

2:00--3:30pm Sun., Feb. 15 Tevye the Dairyman and The Railroad Stories by Sholem Aleichem Discussion leader, Amy Shevitz, Lecturer, History Department With his supple, intelligent translation, Halkin makes accessible the poignant short stories by the legendary Yiddish humorist Sholem Rabinovich (1859-1916), who wrote under the nom de plume Sholem Aleichem, a Yiddish salutation. As Halkin elucidates in his introduction, Tevye\u27s self-mocking but deeply affecting monologues (which inspired the play and film Fiddler on the Roof) satisfy on several levels: as a psychological analysis of a father\u27s love for his daughters, despite the disappointments they bring him; as a paradigm of the tribulations and resilience of Russian Jewry and the disintegration of shtetl life at the twilight of the Czarist Empire; and as a Job-like theological debate with God. The 20 Railroad Stories the monologues of a traveling salesman and his fellow Jewish travelers depict Jewish thieves and arsonists, feuding spouses, draft evaders, grieving parents and assimilationists. Like the eight Tevye tales, these unprettified stories of simple people and their harsh realities summon a bygone era, but their appeal and application are timeless. Bringing both groups of tales together for the first time in English, this first volume in Schocken\u27s Library of Yiddish Classics series is an auspicious event.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/jewishbookgroup/1061/thumbnail.jp

Sou um felizardo: sou órfão

Desde que cheguei ao meu juízo, não me lembro de nenhum momento em que eu me tenha sentido tão importante quanto agora. Por que toda essa minha importância? É que meu pai, Peissi, o hazan, morreu no primeiro dia de Schavuot, e eu fiquei órfão. No primeiro dia depois de Pentecostes, começamos a rezar o cadisch, eu e meu irmão Elihu. Foi ele quem me ensinou a dizer a oração pelos mortos

Wandering Stars

Sun, Mar. 21, 2010, 2:00pm - 3:30pm Wandering Stars by Sholem Aleichem Facilitated by Kevin Wetmore Aleichem, the great Yiddish humorist whose Tevye and His Daughters became Fiddler on the Roof, is honored on the 150th anniversary of his birth with a complete translation of this sprawling novel, a panoramic view of the Yiddish theater in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Masterfully translated by Shevrin and including a foreword by Tony Kushner, the novel follows an antic troupe of Yiddish actors traveling from a small town in Bessarabia (present-day Moldova) across Europe to London and finally New York. As the novel opens, Leibel Rafalovitch, the rich man\u27s son, and Reizel Spivak, the poor cantor\u27s daughter, are entranced by a troupe performing in their small town. Enticed away by the promise of stage careers, they are soon separated, with Reizel becoming the concert star Rosa Spivak and Leibel, Leo Rafalesko, a serious stage actor. The colorful lives of the theater performers and the difficulties they face—including anti-Semitism, a lack of money, and matters of love—are even more captivating than what happens on the stage itself. As Leibel says to Reizel while they gaze at the sky above their village, stars don\u27t fall but wander, as do these stalwart theater people.https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/jewishbookgroup/1054/thumbnail.jp

Der Farkishefter Schneider

Folio of The Bewitched Tailor by Sholom Aleichem, in Russian and English, 24 plates.Digital imagedigitize