Mutual Aid: An Indirect Evolution Analysis

This paper studies the concept of "mutual aid" developed by Kropotkin, which implies cooperation as a strategic choice. We study this concept in a Sequential Prisoners' Dilemma in a non-cooperative framework and in an indirect evolution framework (with complete and incomplete information). We systematically compare this game with one that models Kant's moral. In the non-cooperative framework both moral concepts imply multiple equilibria. In the indirect evolution framework with complete information Kropotkin's moral concept leadsto generalized cooperation, while Kant's rules lead towards general defection. In the indirect evolution framework with incomplete information both moral approaches favor selfishness. However, if some agents have an imperfect detection technology cooperative behavior will not disappear in Kropotkin's case, while it will vanish with Kant's morality

Le comportement coopératif à la lumière de deux conceptions de la moralité : devoir et choix

Nous nous proposons dans ce papier d'étudier la question de la coopération à la lumière de la moralité. Cela nous conduit à discerner deux formes de moralité, celle conçue comme un devoir (impératif catégorique de Kant) et celle conçue comme un choix (l'altruisme). Néanmoins, ces deux représentations se recoupent dans leur traitement de la coopération. Dans la mesure où elles sont formalisées dans le cadre d'un jeu statique, les résultats qui en ressortent ne nous disent pas plus qu'il est dans l'intérêt d'un individu de s'y soumettre lorsque les autres en ont fait autant. Toutefois, il n'est pas expliqué comment les autres en sont venus à adopter un comportement moral. Cela soulève en substance le problème de l'outil utilisé, celui-ci définissant les comportements à l'équilibre sans nous livrer la moindre information sur la situation qui prédominait avant d'arriver à l'équilibre

15 years of Forest Certification in the European Union. Are we doing things right?

Forest certification is one of the most important issues that have entered the forest sector in the past 15 years. There are many detractors and supporters of this instrument, but merely looking at the number of hectares certified and products carrying the logo of certification, one cannot deny that certification has gained importance, year after year. The overall objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of 15 years of forest certification in the EU forest-based sector, using the Delphi method. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the impact of certification in the EU forestbased sector is positive-neutral with respect to ecological aspects, positive-negative on the economic and positiveneutral on the social ones. However, its positive effect is limited, due to the fact that the changes needed for the certification are minor. An improvement in the information to both society and local people by the actors involved in forest certification could increase the positive impact on the secto

Parametrización y adaptación de prótesis de brazo aplicada a impresión 3D

L' objectiu d' aquest treball és crear un procediment a través del qual adaptar una pròtesi de braç produïda mitjançant fabricació additiva a l' usuari. El procés de fabricació additiva estudiat es el d’extrusió de material. El procediment proposat busca definir metodologies d' obtenció de valors antropomètrics, especificacions tècniques de disseny i paràmetres d' impressió 3D; amb els quals assistir al disseny d' una pròtesi de braç ergonòmica, que respecti la salut de l’usuari. Una vegada definida, aquesta metodologia s' aplica a una proposta de disseny d'un encaix de pròtesi mioelèctrica de baix cost impresa en 3D, destinada a amputacions a nivell d' avantbraç. Per aconseguir aquests objectius, es realitza una anàlisi paramètrica de la geometria de l' avantbraç utilitzant programari d' escaneig 3D i tècniques clàssiques d' antropometria. Conjuntament, es fa un estudi exhaustiu dels aspectes mèdics que afecten l' usuari, especialment la salut de la pell i la higiene de la secció amputada. Després d' aquest estudi, es valora l' impacte dels factors mèdics i funcionals analitzats, i aquests es relacionen amb variables i especificacions de disseny. Finalment, amb les conclusions extretes es creen eines en forma de taules, llistes de verificació i algoritmes que busquen assistir el procés de disseny d’una pròtesis.El objetivo de este trabajo es crear un procedimiento a través del cual adaptar una prótesis de brazo producida mediante fabricación aditiva al usuario. El proceso de fabricación aditiva estudiado es el de extrusión de material. El procedimiento propuesto busca definir metodologías de obtención de valores antropométricos, especificaciones técnicas de diseño y parámetros de impresión 3D; con los que asistir al diseño de una prótesis de brazo ergonómica que respete la salud del usuario. Una vez definida, esta metodología se aplica a una propuesta de diseño de un encaje de prótesis mioeléctrica de bajo coste impresa en 3D, destinada a amputaciones a nivel de antebrazo. Para conseguir estos objetivos, se realiza un análisis paramétrico de la geometría del antebrazo utilizando software de escaneo 3D y técnicas clásicas de antropometría. Conjuntamente, se hace un estudio exhaustivo de los aspectos médicos que afectan al usuario, especialmente la salud de la piel y a la higiene de la sección amputada. Tras este estudio, se valora el impacto de los factores médicos y funcionales analizados, y estos se relacionan con variables y especificaciones de diseño. Finalmente, con las conclusiones extraídas se crean herramientas en forma de tablas, listas de verificación y algoritmos que buscan asistir en el proceso de diseño de prótesis.The objective of this work is to create a procedure through which to adapt an arm prosthesis produced by additive manufacturing to the user. The additive manufacturing process studied is material extrusion. The proposed procedure seeks to define methodologies for obtaining anthropometric values, technical design specifications and 3D printing parameters; with which to assist in the design of an ergonomic prosthesis that meets the user's health needs. Once defined, this methodology is applied to a design proposal for a low-cost 3D printed myoelectric prosthesis socket for forearm amputations. To achieve these objectives, a parametric analysis of forearm geometry is performed using 3D scanning software and classical anthropometry techniques. In conjunction, an exhaustive study is made about medical aspects affecting the user, especially skin health and hygiene of the amputated section. After this study, the impact of the analyzed medical and functional factors is assessed and related to design variables and specifications. Finally, the final conclusions are used to create tools in the form of tables, checklists and algorithms that seek to assist in the process of designing prostheses

Emission trading and labor market rigidity inan international duopoly model

Emission trading systems have been recently proposed in diffrerent regions to reduce polluting emissions (e.g. in the European Union for carbon dioxide). One of the objectives of these systems is to encourage firms to adopt advanced abatement technologies. However permits create an incentive to reduce production, which may be seen as negative by policy makers. Combining the emission trading systemwith a more rigid labour market, we show conditions under which it is possible to avoid this impact keeping the incentives to improve abatement technologies. The analysis is done for oligopolistic firms engagedin international rivalry.emission trading, labor market, international rivalry

Public Good Agreements under the Weakest-link Technology

We analyze the formation of public good agreements under the weakest-link technology. Coordination of and cooperation on migration policies, money laundering measures and biodiversity conservation e§orts are prime examples of this technology. Whereas for symmetric players, policy coordination is not necessary, for asymmetric players cooperation matters but fails, in the absence of transfers. In contrast, with an optimal transfer scheme, asymmetry may not be an obstacle but an asset for cooperation, with even the grand coalition being stable. We characterize various types and degrees of asymmetry and relate them to the stability of agreements and associate gains from cooperation.Peer reviewe

Mutual Aid: An Indirect Evolution Analysis

This paper studies the concept of "mutual aid" developed by Kropotkin, which implies cooperation as a strategic choice. We study this concept in a Sequential Prisoners' Dilemma in a non-cooperative framework and in an indirect evolution framework (with complete and incomplete information). We systematically compare this game with one that models Kant's moral. In the non-cooperative framework both moral concepts imply multiple equilibria. In the indirect evolution framework with complete information Kropotkin's moral concept leadsto generalized cooperation, while Kant's rules lead towards general defection. In the indirect evolution framework with incomplete information both moral approaches favor selfishness. However, if some agents have an imperfect detection technology cooperative behavior will not disappear in Kropotkin's case, while it will vanish with Kant's morality.mutual aid, non-cooperative game theory, indirect evolution, Kropotkin, Kant.

Psychosocial Impairment as a Possible Cause of Sexual Dysfunction among Young Men with Mild Androgenetic Alopecia: A Cross-sectional Crowdsourcing Web-based Study

Finasteride 1 mg, one of the main treatments for male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA), may produce sexual dysfunction, but young men with MAGA could experience high psychosocial impairment because of changes in body image. Dissatisfaction with body image has been linked to an increase in problems with sexual function. To date no study has considered the possible effect of psychological impairment on sexual function of men with MAGA. Aim of our study was to explore the effect of psychosocial impairment produced by hair loss on the sexual function of men with MAGA. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional design. In total, 190 men with MAGA ranging 18-40 years old were recruited from an Internet online community. Participants completed an online survey comprising the SKINDEX-29 and the Massachusetts General Hospital Sex Functioning Questionnaire. Individuals with MAGA and moderate to severe psychosocial impairment had a higher risk of sexual dysfunction – adjusted odds ratio 2.1 (1.2-4.0; P=0.02) – compared with subjects with mild to absent impairment. Sexual desire and sexual arousal were the most affected elements of sexual response, but an increase in erectile dysfunction and reduced global satisfaction were also reported. We present the first study exploring the influence of MAGA psychosocial impairment on sexual function. Men between 18 and 40 years of age with moderate to severe MAGA psychosocial morbidity were found to have an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. Assessment of psychological morbidity and sexual function could be critical in patients with MAGA, particularly when considering treatment with finasteride.  </p

Breastfeeding during COVID-19: A Narrative Review of the Psychological Impact on Mothers

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the normal course of life, with measures to reduce the virus spread impacting motherhood expectations and, in particular, breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to review evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding plans and how these relate to women’s psychological outcomes. Searches were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between January 2020 and January 2021. All study designs and pre-prints were considered. Twelve studies were included. Reports suggest that COVID-19 impacts differently on breastfeeding plans, which in turn leads to distinctive mental health outcomes. Positive breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers perceive that they have more time for motherhood, which may be associated with better mental health outcomes. Negative breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers are separated from their newborns, when mothers struggle with breastfeeding, or when mothers perceive decreased family and professional support, which seems to be associated with worse mental health outcomes. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research into the association between COVID-19, breastfeeding expectations, and maternal mental health. Filling this gap will foster the development of guidelines and interventions to better support mothers experiencing the obstacles of COVID-19 pandemic

Carbon Sequestration With Reforestations and Biodiversity - Scenic Values

This paper presents an optimal control model to analyze reforestations with two different species, including commercial values, carbon sequestration and biodiversity or scenic values. We solve the model qualitatively with general functions and discuss the implications of partial or total internalization of environmental values, showing that internalizing only carbon sequestration may have negative impacts on biodiversity-scenic values. To evaluate the practical relevance, we compare reforestations in the South-west of Spain with cork-oaks (a slow growing native species) and with eucalyptus (a fast growing alien species). We do the analysis with two different carbon crediting methods: the Carbon Flow Method and the Ton Year Accounting Method. With the .first method forest surface increases more, but using mainly eucalyptus. With the second, additional reforestations are done mainly using cork-oaks. We value the impact on visitors of these reforestations using stated preferences methods, showing that when these values are internalized cork-oaks are favored