Measuring Small Distances in N=2 Sigma Models

We analyze global aspects of the moduli space of K\"ahler forms for $N$=(2,2) conformal $\sigma$-models. Using algebraic methods and mirror symmetry we study extensions of the mathematical notion of length (as specified by a K\"ahler structure) to conformal field theory and calculate the way in which lengths change as the moduli fields are varied along distinguished paths in the moduli space. We find strong evidence supporting the notion that, in the robust setting of quantum Calabi-Yau moduli space, string theory restricts the set of possible K\"ahler forms by enforcing ``minimal length'' scales, provided that topology change is properly taken into account. Some lengths, however, may shrink to zero. We also compare stringy geometry to classical general relativity in this context.Comment: 62 pp. with 6 figs., LaTeX and epsf.te

Условия использования судебных актов для машинного обучения (на примере отдельных решений о защите права собственности)

The subject of the article is some judicial acts on cases concerning protection of private property issued in Russia in recent years in the context of changes in the procedural legislation and legislation on the judicial system. The purpose of this article is to discover whether the current Russian judicial decisions may serve as input data for a machine learning algorithm in future. The main results, scope of application. The article presents an analysis of the changes in the Russian procedural law and in the regulation of the national judicial system in the recent years, which form new trends in judicial practice, according to the latest cases for the protection of private property in the courts. The author makes an analysis of the effectiveness of justice in providing recourse to private property violations in Russia. It is discovered whether the judicial protection has been substantially improved, following the promises of the Russian government. The article argues that these trends in judicial practice will negatively affect the automation of justice in the context of the nationwide digitalization of justice Such digitalization requires setting guidelines for the automated judicial decisions followed by the automated delivery of judicial documents. The methodology combines legal interpretation of judicial acts and Russian legislation comparative research, foresight and critical approach based on structured analysis, induction and deduction. Conclusions. There is a systemic deficiency in protecting private property in Russia, since neither the rules of civil and administrative proceedings, nor the constitutional control tools provide adequate protection on the matter. The recent relocation of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg did not promote the judicial independence of the Court. On the contrary, the Constitutional Court, through formal excuses refrains from processing complaints on violation of private property rights and on the inefficiency of judicial procedures. The recent merger of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia and the Supreme Court of Russia has contributed to the uniformity of judicial practice. It violated the rights the owners of the shared premises in apartment buildings, but favored the beneficiaries of the management companies, which breach the owners' rights.Judicial acts studied in this article prove their ineffectiveness in contributing to the quality machine learning for artificial intelligence required for the transition to automatic generation of blueprints and templates of court decisions. Analysis of judicial acts allows to conclude that they cannot serve now as a basis for machine learning of artificial intelligence. They cannot be systematized in databases even by the criterion of the law norms applied by the plaintiffs, since the courts evade the procedural obligation to explain why they reject the law norms that serve as the basis for a lawsuit or complaint, and apply completely different ones. These circumstances require the immediate response from the state authorities, including finding efficient ways to provide sustainable development of justice, i.e. ensuring the Rule of Law and access to courts, since otherwise the digitization of justice will lead to the automation of arbitrariness. На примере судебных дел о защите частной собственности анализируются результаты преобразований в процессуальном законодательстве и законодательстве о судебной системе последних лет, которые формируют тренды судебной практики. В статье на примере разрешения конкретных дел показывается, как эти тренды повлияют на автоматизацию правосудия. Анализ судебных актов позволил сделать вывод, что в настоящее время они не могут служить основой для машинного обучения искусственного интеллекта. Они не могут быть систематизированы в базах данных даже по критерию применения заявленных истцами норм закона, поскольку суды уклоняются от выполнения процессуальной обязанности мотивированно объяснить, почему они отвергают нормы закона, служащие основанием иска или жалобы, и применяют совершенно другие. Проблема требует немедленного конструктивного разрешения в целях обеспечения верховенства права и доступа к правосудию. В противном случае это приведет к автоматизации произвола

Earthquakes: from chemical alteration to mechanical rupture

In the standard rebound theory of earthquakes, elastic deformation energy is progressively stored in the crust until a threshold is reached at which it is suddenly released in an earthquake. We review three important paradoxes, the strain paradox, the stress paradox and the heat flow paradox, that are difficult to account for in this picture, either individually or when taken together. Resolutions of these paradoxes usually call for additional assumptions on the nature of the rupture process (such as novel modes of deformations and ruptures) prior to and/or during an earthquake, on the nature of the fault and on the effect of trapped fluids within the crust at seismogenic depths. We review the evidence for the essential importance of water and its interaction with the modes of deformations. Water is usually seen to have mainly the mechanical effect of decreasing the normal lithostatic stress in the fault core on one hand and to weaken rock materials via hydrolytic weakening and stress corrosion on the other hand. We also review the evidences that water plays a major role in the alteration of minerals subjected to finite strains into other structures in out-of-equilibrium conditions. This suggests novel exciting routes to understand what is an earthquake, that requires to develop a truly multidisciplinary approach involving mineral chemistry, geology, rupture mechanics and statistical physics.Comment: 44 pages, 1 figures, submitted to Physics Report

Гомолог аргинина гомоаргинин в качестве субстрата аргинин: глицинамидинотрансферазы и аргиназ человека

L-homoarginine (hArg) is a non-coding amino acid, the blood level reduction of which is associated with an increased risk of stroke and heart attack. In humans and animals, hArg is mainly formed during the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme of the metabolic pathway of creatine biosynthesis:arginine: glycine amidotransferase (AGAT, EC 2.1.4.1), in the case where L-lysine acts instead of glycine as an acceptor of the arginine amidine group. It has been shown that hArg can serve for nitric oxide biosynthesis which is seemed a single significant enzymatic pathway established for hArg.The aim of this study was to investigate hArg as a substrate human AGAT and arginases.Materials and methods. In experiments with recombinant enzymes we established that Km for hArg in the reaction catalyzed by AGAT towards the formation of guanidinoacetic acid is 12.0 ± 1.1 mM. In reactions catalyzed by both types of arginase activity against hArg, unlike arginine, was not detected.Conclusions. Thus, the present study established that hArg may be considered as a substrate of AGAT additionally to nitric oxide synthases. Metabolic value of hArg, in addition to regulation of vascular tone, can be associated with cell energy metabolism. According to our data a decrease of hArg blood levels in cardiovascular diseases appears to be unrelated to a detectable increase of arginase activity.L-гомоаргинин (гАрг) является некодируемой аминокислотой, снижение в крови уровня которой ассоциировано с повышением риска развития инсульта и инфаркта. В организме человека и животных гАрг образуется преимущественно в ходе реакции, катализируемой ферментом метаболического пути биосинтеза креатина – аргинин:глицинамидинотрансферазой (АГАТ, КФ 2.1.4.1), в случае, когда акцептором амидиновой группы аргинина вместо глицина выступает L-лизин. Метаболическое значение и причины снижения уровня гАрг в настоящее время изучены недостаточно.Цель настоящего исследования – изучение возможности утилизации гАрг в качестве субстрата АГАТ и аргиназ человека.Материалы и методы. В ходе экспериментов с рекомбинантными ферментами обнаружено, что Кm для гАрг в реакции, катализируемой АГАТ, в сторону образования гуанидинуксусной кислоты составляет (12,0 ± 1,1) мМ. В реакциях, катализируемых аргиназами обоих типов, активность в отношении гАрг, в отличие от аргинина, не регистрировалась.Заключение. Таким образом, в результате проведенного исследования установлено, что у человека гАрг является субстратом не только для NO-синтаз, но также для АГАТ. Полученные данные указывают на то, что метаболическое значение гАрг, помимо регуляции сосудистого тонуса, может быть связано с участием в энергетическом обмене клеток. Согласно представленным данным, снижение уровня гАрг в крови при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях, по всей видимости, не связано с обнаруживаемым повышением активности аргиназ

ОЦЕНКА ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОНИТРОЗИЛЬНОГО СТРЕССА ПРИ СИСТЕМНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ СОЕДИНИ ТЕЛЬНОЙ ТКАНИ

Reduction in antioxidant status with low activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase red blood cells at a low level of reduced glutathionein the background and increased NOx levels in blood plasmawas detected in patients with systematic connective tissue and joint diseases: rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Detected violations are not correlated with the activity of theprocess, and seropositivity.У больных системными заболеваниями соединительной ткани c поражением суставов (ревматическим артритом и анкилозирующим спондилитом) выявлен сниженный антиоксидантный статус с низкой активностью супероксиддисмутазы, глутатионпероксидазы и глутатионредуктазы эритроцитов при низком уровне восстановленной формы глутатиона на фоне повышенного уровня NOx в плазме крови.Выявленные нарушения не коррелировали с активностью процесса и серопозитивностью

Recent Development of the Russian Judiciary System

In 2020, the current federal targeted program for the development of the judicial system will expire. It is therefore necessary to sum up preliminary results and consider the activities of the next set of programs for the judicial sector. For the past 18 years, the Russian government has not made public the results of these programs, or discussed findings with the legal community. These programs are developed behind closed doors without any consideration given to the academic community, to public opinion or to the concept of sustainable development: the rule of law and access to court. This academic article aims at identifying ongoing issues in the Russian judicial system and legal proceedings by defining and understanding the term “Development” and to provide a comparison and analysis of the Russian Federation federal targeted programs as well as the concept of sustainable development: the principles of strategic planning and the concept of a unified standard for the provision of public services by the government. An analysis of Russian legislation, and specifically legislation related to the Russian judicial system, leads to the conclusion that there lacks a true understanding of the term “Development,” and therefore the government can refer to nearly anything as being “development,” when in reality it is not. Due to this lack of recognition of the problems within the Russian judiciary system, these issues will likely not be addressed in the next federal target program for the development of the judicial system. With this in mind, the author attempts to recommend several proposals which may be helpful in the creation of the new program for the development of the judicial system which will be in effect until 2030.</jats:p

Terms of use of judicial acts for machine learning (analysis of some judicial decisions on the protection of property rights).

The subject of the article is some judicial acts on cases concerning protection of private property issued in Russia in recent years in the context of changes in the procedural legislation and legislation on the judicial system. The purpose of this article is to discover whether the current Russian judicial decisions may serve as input data for a machine learning algorithm in future. The main results, scope of application. The article presents an analysis of the changes in the Russian procedural law and in the regulation of the national judicial system in the recent years, which form new trends in judicial practice, according to the latest cases for the protection of private property in the courts. The author makes an analysis of the effectiveness of justice in providing recourse to private property violations in Russia. It is discovered whether the judicial protection has been substantially improved, following the promises of the Russian government. The article argues that these trends in judicial practice will negatively affect the automation of justice in the context of the nationwide digitalization of justice Such digitalization requires setting guidelines for the automated judicial decisions followed by the automated delivery of judicial documents. The methodology combines legal interpretation of judicial acts and Russian legislation comparative research, foresight and critical approach based on structured analysis, induction and deduction. Conclusions. There is a systemic deficiency in protecting private property in Russia, since neither the rules of civil and administrative proceedings, nor the constitutional control tools provide adequate protection on the matter. The recent relocation of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg did not promote the judicial independence of the Court. On the contrary, the Constitutional Court, through formal excuses refrains from processing complaints on violation of private property rights and on the inefficiency of judicial procedures. The recent merger of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia and the Supreme Court of Russia has contributed to the uniformity of judicial practice. It violated the rights the owners of the shared premises in apartment buildings, but favored the beneficiaries of the management companies, which breach the owners’ rights. Judicial acts studied in this article prove their ineffectiveness in contributing to the quality machine learning for artificial intelligence required for the transition to automatic generation of blueprints and templates of court decisions. Analysis of judicial acts allows to conclude that they cannot serve now as a basis for machine learning of artificial intelligence. They cannot be systematized in databases even by the criterion of the law norms applied by the plaintiffs, since the courts evade the procedural obligation to explain why they reject the law norms that serve as the basis for a lawsuit or complaint, and apply completely different ones. These circumstances require the immediate response from the state authorities, including finding efficient ways to provide sustainable development of justice, i.e. ensuring the Rule of Law and access to courts, since otherwise the digitization of justice will lead to the automation of arbitrariness.</jats:p

Terms of use of judicial acts for machine learning (analysis of some judicial decisions on the protection of property rights)

The subject of the article is some judicial acts on cases concerning protection of private property issued in Russia in recent years in the context of changes in the procedural legislation and legislation on the judicial system. The purpose of this article is to discover whether the current Russian judicial decisions may serve as input data for a machine learning algorithm in future. The main results, scope of application. The article presents an analysis of the changes in the Russian procedural law and in the regulation of the national judicial system in the recent years, which form new trends in judicial practice, according to the latest cases for the protection of private property in the courts. The author makes an analysis of the effectiveness of justice in providing recourse to private property violations in Russia. It is discovered whether the judicial protection has been substantially improved, following the promises of the Russian government. The article argues that these trends in judicial practice will negatively affect the automation of justice in the context of the nationwide digitalization of justice Such digitalization requires setting guidelines for the automated judicial decisions followed by the automated delivery of judicial documents. The methodology combines legal interpretation of judicial acts and Russian legislation comparative research, foresight and critical approach based on structured analysis, induction and deduction. Conclusions. There is a systemic deficiency in protecting private property in Russia, since neither the rules of civil and administrative proceedings, nor the constitutional control tools provide adequate protection on the matter. The recent relocation of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg did not promote the judicial independence of the Court. On the contrary, the Constitutional Court, through formal excuses refrains from processing complaints on violation of private property rights and on the inefficiency of judicial procedures. The recent merger of the Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia and the Supreme Court of Russia has contributed to the uniformity of judicial practice. It violated the rights the owners of the shared premises in apartment buildings, but favored the beneficiaries of the management companies, which breach the owners' rights.Judicial acts studied in this article prove their ineffectiveness in contributing to the quality machine learning for artificial intelligence required for the transition to automatic generation of blueprints and templates of court decisions. Analysis of judicial acts allows to conclude that they cannot serve now as a basis for machine learning of artificial intelligence. They cannot be systematized in databases even by the criterion of the law norms applied by the plaintiffs, since the courts evade the procedural obligation to explain why they reject the law norms that serve as the basis for a lawsuit or complaint, and apply completely different ones. These circumstances require the immediate response from the state authorities, including finding efficient ways to provide sustainable development of justice, i.e. ensuring the Rule of Law and access to courts, since otherwise the digitization of justice will lead to the automation of arbitrariness

THE “JUSTICE INDEX” IS A STEP TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL GOAL 16 OF THE U.N. AGENDA

This paper proposes a method for measuring sustainable development as a means of the implementation of the Global Goal 16 of the United Nations Agenda. This method is the primary attempt to quantify the quality of the rules of the judiciary and access to a court in order to monitor sustainable development in the area of justice. In the recent years, the U.N. drew attention to the fact that qualitative changes should be evaluated through quantitative indicators.The authors’ methodology is based on the fair trial standard formulated by the European Court of Human Rights based on the interpretation of Article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as the public services standard of the Russian Federation. This indexing method helps to assess the current level of legal guarantees in the rules of legal proceedings and draft legislation, and to establish their compliance with the fair trial principles. Indexing the access to justice has another positive effect – it helps to monitor the local situations and every level of the judicial system.Putting this method into practice will encourage avoidance of the adoption of bills that might reduce the level of legal guarantees and will assist attempts to monitor its dynamics. It could promote the introduction of effective procedures and better access to court, ensure the improved accountability of all public justice institutions at all levels and support overall societal wellbeing