A TRAF3-NIK module differentially regulates DNA vs RNA pathways in innate immune signaling.

Detection of viral genomes by the innate immune system elicits an antiviral gene program mediated by type I interferons (IFNs). While viral RNA and DNA species induce IFN via separate pathways, the mechanisms by which these pathways are differentially modulated are unknown. Here we show that the positive regulator of IFN in the RNA pathway, TRAF3, has an inhibitory function in the DNA pathway. Loss of TRAF3 coincides with increased expression of the alternative NF-κB-inducing molecule, NIK, which interacts with the DNA pathway adaptor, STING, to enhance IFN induction. Cells lacking NIK display defective IFN activation in the DNA pathway due to impaired STING signaling, and NIK-deficient mice are more susceptible to DNA virus infection. Mechanistically, NIK operates independently from alternative NF-κB signaling components and instead requires autophosphorylation and oligomerization to activate STING. Thus a previously undescribed pathway for NIK exists in activating IFN in the DNA pathway

Molecular characterization of the strains cause sheep-Hydatid cyst, in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province using restriction fragment length polymorphism

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: کیست هیداتیک مرحله لاروی کرم اکینوکوکوس گرانولوزوس از رده سستودهاست که در بدن انسان و تعدادی از پستانداران ایجاد بیماری اکینوکوکوزیس می نماید. استرین های متفاوتی تاکنون از این انگل در دنیا گزارش شده که این تنوع استرینها ممکن است بر اپیدمیولوژی و بیماریزائی کیست هیداتیک اثر بگذارد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی استرین های ایزوله‌های گوسفندی در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری با استفاده از روش PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragment Lengh Polymorphism) بود. روش بررسی: بدین منظور تعداد 30 نمونه کیست هیداتیک با منشاء گوسفندی در سال 1383 از کشتارگاههای سراسر استان جمع آوری گردید. پس از استخراج DNA ژنومی پروتواسکولکسهای کیست هیداتیک با استفاده از روش فنل کلروفرم، ناحیه rDNA-ITS1 (ribosomal DNA-Internal Transcriibed Spacer1) هر کدام از ایزوله ها با استفاده از پرایمرهای (Forward) BDI،s 4 (Reverse) تکثیر گردید. سپس محصولات بدست آمده توسط چهار آنزیم Taq1, HpaII, Rsa1, Alu1 هضم گردید و محصولات PCR و هضم آنزیمی با استفاده از ژل پلی اکریل آمید الکتروفورز و توسط روش نیترات نقره رنگ آمیزی شد. یافته ها: طبق نتایج بدست آمده اندازه قطعه rDNA-ITS1 تکثیر یافته، bp1000 بود. پس از هضم آنزیمی با آنزیمALu1 ، قطعاتی با اندازه bp800 و bp200 با آنزیم RSal قطعاتی با اندازه bp655 و bp 345 و آنزیم HpaII قطعات با اندازه bp700 و bp 300 بدست آمد. با استفاده از آنزیم Taq1 تغییری در اندازه حاصل نشد و قطعه با اندازه bp 1000 در الکتروفورز مشاهده شد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج بدست آمده نشان دادند که سویه گوسفندی کیست هیداتیک غالب در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری ژنوتیپ G1 است که مطابق با سویه شایع ایران و جهان می باشد

Hybrid-Controlled Neurofuzzy Networks Analysis Resulting in Genetic Regulatory Networks Reconstruction

Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is the process of estimating genetic interactions of a cellular system from gene expression data. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid systematic algorithm based on neurofuzzy network for reconstructing GRNs from observational gene expression data when only a medium-small number of measurements are available. The approach uses fuzzy logic to transform gene expression values into qualitative descriptors that can be evaluated by using a set of defined rules. The algorithm uses neurofuzzy network to model genes effects on other genes followed by four stages of decision making to extract gene interactions. One of the main features of the proposed algorithm is that an optimal number of fuzzy rules can be easily and rapidly extracted without overparameterizing. Data analysis and simulation are conducted on microarray expression profiles of S. cerevisiae cell cycle and demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only selects the patterns of the time series gene expression data accurately, but also provides models with better reconstruction accuracy when compared with four published algorithms: DBNs, VBEM, time delay ARACNE, and PF subjected to LASSO. The accuracy of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of recall and F-score for the network reconstruction task

Risk analysis of low voltage, secondary, power distribution systems

LAUREA MAGISTRALELa distribuzione di energia elettrica è una rete complessa che comporta sfide tecniche da un'ampia gamma di fonti, un considerevole grado di rischio e notevoli risorse finanziarie. Le strategie di progettazione e manutenzione devono tener conto del rischio di fallimento dei componenti di distribuzione; cioè, sia la probabilità di fallimento che le sue conseguenze devono essere considerate. I dati storici relativi a guasti e riparazioni sono input essenziali per l'analisi del rischio, poiché riflettono le effettive condizioni operative che il sistema e i suoi componenti hanno subito. L'analisi dei guasti e dei dati di riparazione generalmente mira a ridurre il rischio di fallimento, fornendo informazioni essenziali per la manutenzione e la pianificazione logistica per ridurre la probabilità, nonché le conseguenze, dell'insuccesso. Pertanto, quando si gestiscono e si progettano le reti di distribuzione, è imperativo identificare e quantificare tutti i rischi - finanziari diretti, salute, sicurezza e ambiente (HSE) e reputazione - utilizzando l'errore di campo e i dati di riparazione. Tuttavia, nella maggior parte della letteratura disponibile riguardante l'analisi dei guasti e dei dati di riparazione delle reti di distribuzione, in particolare la distribuzione a bassa tensione, l'insieme dei principi di analisi del rischio non è integrato o, in alcuni casi, non è dettagliato. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di proporre una metodologia per l'identificazione di un adeguato strumento di analisi dei guasti per la distribuzione a bassa tensione integrando una serie di principi di analisi del rischio, nonché la stima di affidabilità e manutenibilità. L'applicazione della metodologia proposta è dimostrata da un caso studio reale attraverso una valutazione dei dati sulle interruzioni di corrente.Electric power distribution is a complex network involving technical challenges from a wide range of sources, a considerable degree of risk, and substantial financial resources. Design and maintenance strategies must take account of the risk of failure of distribution components; that is, both the probability of failure and its consequences have to be considered. Historical failure and repair data are essential inputs for risk analysis, since they reflect the actual operational conditions that the system and its components have experienced. Failure and repair data analysis generally aims at decreasing the risk of failure, by providing essential information for maintenance and logistic planning to reduce the probability, as well as the consequence, of failure. Hence, when maintaining and designing distribution networks, it is imperative to identify and quantify all risks – direct financial, health, safety, and environmental (HSE), and reputation – using the field failure and repair data. However, in the majority of the available literature regarding the failure and repair data analysis of distribution networks, especially the low voltage distribution, the set of risk analysis principles is not integrated or in some cases is not detailed. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology for identifying a suitable failure analysis tool for low voltage distribution by integrating a set of risk analysis principles, as well as the reliability and maintainability estimation. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a real case study via an evaluation of the power outages data

Topological Representation of Canonicity for Varieties of Modal Algebras

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Indiana University, Mathematics, 2010The main subject of this dissertation is to approach the question of countable canonicity of varieties of modal algebras from a topological and categorical point of view. The category of coalgebras of the Vietoris functor on the category of Stone spaces provides a class of frames we call sv-frames. We show that the semantic of this frames is equivalent to that of modal algebras so long as we are limited to certain valuations called sv-valuations. We show that the canonical frame of any normal modal logic which is directly constructed based on the logic is an sv-frame. We then define the notion of canonicity of a logic in terms of varieties and their dual classes. We will then prove that any morphism on the category of coalgebras of the Vietoris functor whose codomain is the canonical frame of the minimal normal modal logic are exactly the ones that are invoked by sv-valuations. We will then proceed to reformulate canonicity of a variety of modal algebras determined by a logic in terms of properties of the class of sv-frames that correspond to that logic. We define ultrafilter extension as an operator on the category of sv-frames, prove a coproduct preservation result followed by some equivalent forms of canonicity. Using Stone duality the notion of co-variety of sv-frames is defined. The notion of validity of a logic on a frame is presented in terms of ranges of theory maps whose domain is the given frame. Partial equivalent results on co-varieties of sv-frames are proved. We classify theory maps which are maps invoked by a valuation on a Kripke frame using the classification of sv-theory maps and properties of ultrafilter extension. A negative categorical result concerning the existence of an adjoint functor for ultrafilter extension is also proved

Quantifying future water resources availability and agricultural productivity in agro-urban river basins

Includes bibliographical references.2022 Fall.Climate change can have an adverse effect on agricultural productivity and water availability in semi-arid regions, as decreases in surface water availability can lead to groundwater depletion and resultant losses in crop yield due to reduced water for irrigation. Competition between urban and agricultural areas intensifies groundwater exploitation as surface water rights are sold to growing municipalities. These inter-relationships necessitate an integrated management approach for surface water, groundwater, and crop yield as a holistic system. This dissertation provides a novel integrated hydrologic modeling approach to quantify future water resources and agricultural productivity in agro-urban river basins, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water and groundwater are managed conjunctively to sustain urban areas and food production capacity. This is accomplished by i) developing an integrated hydrologic modeling code that accounts for groundwater and surface water processes and exchanges in large regional-scale managed river basins, and demonstrating its use and performance in the economically diverse South Platte River Basin (SPRB), a 72,000 km2 river basin located primarily in the state of Colorado, USA; ii) using the model to understand possible future impacts imposed by climate variation on water resources (surface water and groundwater) and agricultural productivity; and iii) quantifying the combination impacts of agriculture-to-urban water trading and climate change on groundwater resources within the basin. This dissertation presents an updated version of SWAT-MODFLOW that allows application to large agro-urban river basins in semi-arid regions. SWAT provides land surface hydrologic and crop yield modeling, whereas MODFLOW provides subsurface hydrologic modeling. Specific code changes include linkage between MODFLOW pumping cells and SWAT HRUs for groundwater irrigation and joint groundwater and surface water irrigation routines. This conjunctive use, basin-scale long-term water resources, and crop yield modeling tool can be used to assess future water and agricultural management for large river basins across the world. The updated modeling code is applied to the South Platte River Basin, with model results tested against streamflow, groundwater head, and crop yield throughout the basin. To assess the climate change impacts on water resources and agricultural productivity, the coupled SWAT-MODFLOW modeling code is forced with five different CMIP5 climate models downscaled by Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA), each for two climate scenarios, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, for 1980-2100. In all climate models and emission scenarios, an increase of 3 to 5 °C in annual average temperature is projected by the end of the 21st century, whereas variation in projected precipitation depends on topography and distance from the mountains. Based on the results of this study, the worst-case climate model in the basin is IPSL-CM5A-MR-8.5. Under this climate scenario, for a 1 °C increase in temperature and the 1.3% reduction in annual precipitation, the basin will experience an 8.5% decrease in stream discharge, 2-5% decline in groundwater storage, and 11% reduction in crop yield. In recent decades, there has been a growing realization that developing additional water supplies to address new demands is not feasible. Instead, managing existing water supplies through reallocations is necessary to tackle water scarcity and climate change. However, third-party effects associated to water transfers has limited the growing water market. This study also quantifies the combination impacts of agriculture-to-urban water trading (widely known as 'buy and dry') and climate change on groundwater availability in semi-arid river basins through the end of 21st century, as groundwater pumping increases to satisfy irrigation water lost to the urban sector. For this analysis, we use the hydrological modeling tool SWAT-MODFLOW, forced by projected water trading amounts and two downscaled GCM climate models, each for two emission scenarios, RCP4.5 and 8.5. According to the results of this study, agriculture-to-urban water trading imposes an additional basin-wide 2% reduction in groundwater storage, as compared to changes due to climate. However, groundwater storage changes for local subbasins can be up to 8% and 10% through the mid-century and end of the century, respectively

Profil Pelaku dan Korban Bullying di Sekolah Dasar

Perilaku bullying di sekolah semakin meresahkan, bukan saja di kalangan siswa remaja namun juga di sekolah dasar. Dari waktu ke waktu data mengenai bullying di sekolah semakin meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami profil pelaku dan korban bullying di sekolah dasar. Data dikumpulkan dengan Skala Bullying dan kuesioner Status Ekonomi Sosial. Uji validitas terhadap skala bullying diperoleh validitas aitem antara 0,200 – 0,531, dengan reliabilitas sebesar 0,531. Subjek penelitian sejumlah 212 siswa kelas 4 dan 5 SD di kecamatan Laweyan Surakarta. Siswa laki-laki berjumlah 110 dan siswa perempuan berjumlah 102. Data dianalisis secara kuantitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Prevalensi bullying pada siswa SD adalah: 47% terlibat dalam bullying, 48% rentan untuk terlibat dalam bullying, dan hanya 5% subjek yang tidak pernah terlibat sama sekali dalam perilaku bullying. (2) Profile pelaku bullying: Pelaku lebih banyak laki-laki daripada perempuan. Mayoritas berasal dari keluarga SES rendah, dengan pendidikan orangtua mayoritas pendidikan dasar dan pekerjaan mayoritas sebagai buruh. Jenis kegiatan di waktu luang adalah olahraga dan permainan elektronik. Permainan elektronik lebih sering dimainkan di warnet dengan jenis pertempuran, dengan durasi bermain game mayoritas 1-3 jam per hari. (3) Profile korban bullying: Korban bullying lebih banyak berjenis kelamin perempuan daripada laki-laki. Berasal dari keluarga dengan SES yang bervariasi, dengan tingkat pendidikan orangtua mayoritas SMA dan pekerjaan mayoritas wiraswasta dan karyawan. Jenis kegiatan yang biasa dilakukan di waktu luang adalah permainan tradisional dan elektronik. Jenis permainan elektronik yang paling sering dilakukan adalah pertempuran, dengan durasi waktu bermain mayoritas kurang dari 1 jam dan antara 1-3 jam, dan tempat bermain seimbang antara di warnet dan di rumah