Product cycles, innovation and exports: A study of Indian pharmaceuticals

This paper sheds light on the product cycle and neotechnology theories of trade in the context of generic pharmaceuticals. The paper studies the export performance of 177 Indian pharmaceutical firms for the post- liberalization period 1991-2004. The results indicate that technology proxied by foreign patent rights has a positive impact on exports. This suggests that developing countries with innovation skills for process innovations are capable of penetrating international markets in the later stages of the product cycle by using patents, which were the barriers to trade in the early stages of the product cycle. Thus, Indian pharmaceutical firms adept at reverse-engineering of brandname drugs have an opportunity to enter the global generic market for off-patent drugs.Product cycle, Exports, Foreign patents, Pharmaceuticals

Examining the Danish flexicurity labour market concept

Objective of this paper is to analyse the most recent changes of the interplay between the flexibility of the employment relationship on the one hand, and labour market and social policy, on the other. This article examines the new policy concept of "flexicurity" in view of the emerging flexibility-security approach that the European Union, national governments, sector of industry, individual companies and workers are currently facing. The flexicurity approach provides important answers to the question of how to meet modern labour market challenges and at the same time improve security. The special interest is concentrated on the so-called "golden triangle" of the Danish labour market successful flexicurity model.labour market, flexibility, security, flexicurity, "Danish" model

Study of 1D stranged-charm meson family using HQET

Recently LHCb predicted spin 1 and spin 3 states D* s1(2860) and D* s3(2860) which are studied through their strong decays, and are assigned to fit the 13D1and 13D3 states in the charm spectroscopy. In this paper,using the heavy quark effective theory, we state that assigning D*s1(2860) as the mixing of 13D1 - 23S1 states, is rather a better justification to its observed experimental values than a pure state. We study its decay modes variation with hadronic coupling constant gxh and the mixing angle . We appoint spin 3 state D* s3(2860) as the missing 1D 3- JP state, and also study its decay channel behavior with coupling constant gyh. To appreciate the above results, we check the variation of decay modes for their spin partners states i.e. 1D2 and 1D'2 with their masses and strong coupling constant i.e. gxh and gyh. Our calculation using HQET approach give mixing angle between the 13D1 - 23S1 state for D* s1(2860) to lie in the range (-1.6 radians < theta < -1.2 radians). Our calculation for coupling constant values gives gxh to lie between value 0:17 < gxh < 0:20 and gyh to be 0.40. We expect from experiments to observe this mixing angle to verify our results.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure and 5 Tables, EPJC 2015 communicate

Hitherto unreported Agaricus species of Central India

Karwa A, Rai MK. 2010. Spesies Agaricus dari India Tengah yang belum dilaporkan sampai sekarang. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 141-145. Kawasan hutan Melghat di India Tengah disurvei untuk mengetahui keberadaan jamur yang berkhasiat obat dan kuliner selama tahun 2005-2008. Dari total 153 spesies jamur, sepuluh spesies Agaricus ditemukan di berbagai lokasi yang berbeda. Dari jumlah tersebut, tujuh spesies yaitu Agaricus bitorquis, A. subrufescens, A. augustus, A. placomyces, A. essettei, A. basioanolosus dan Agaricus sp. nov. (spesies baru) baru pertama kali dilaporkan keberadaannya di kawasan ini. Jamur komersial Agaricus bisporus tidak memiliki karakter perkembangbiakan yang baik karena secara alamiah bersifat bispora. Kerabat liar dari jamur ini dapat digunakan sebagai sumber manipulasi genetik pada strain yang ada dan juga untuk mengembangkan strain baru dengan karakter yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: Agaricus, India Tengah, komersial, dimakan, Melghat

India's Outward Foreign Direct Investments in Steel Industry in a Chinese Comparative Perspective

Indian and Chinese enterprises have emerged as important outward investors in recent times with their involvement in a number of prominent Greenfield investments and acquisitions. The theory of international business posits that the ownership of some unique advantages having a revenue generating potential abroad combined with the presence of internalization and locational advantages leads to outward FDI. Conventional MNEs based in the industrialized countries have grown on the strength of ownership advantages derived from innovatory activity that is largely concentrated in these countries. It examines the case of steel industry that has become an important sector of overseas activity for Chinese and Indian companies with a string of major acquisitions of foreign MNEs for acquiring footprints and natural resources in order to identify the sources of ownership advantages and strategies of outward investments from emerging countries.FDI outflows, steel, India

Heavy-light charm mesons spectroscopy and decay widths

We present the mass formula for heavy-light charm meson for one loop, using heavy quark effective theory. Formulating an effective Lagrangian, the masses of the ground state heavy mesons have been studied in the heavy quark limit including leading corrections from finite heavy quark masses and nonzero light quark masses using a constrained fit for the eight equation having eleven parameters including three coupling constants g, h and g'. Masses determined from this approach is fitted to the experimentally known decay widths to estimate the strong coupling constants, showing a better match with available theoretical and experimental dataComment: 16 pages and 12 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:hep-ph/0503134 by other author

Patent Races, “Me-Too” Drugs, and Generics: A Developing-World Perspective

We build a model of pharmaceutical markets in the light of a patent race among competing firms. The incentive for R&D is the patent on either the breakthrough or the me-too drug. A feature of our model that has not been analyzed before is the prevalence of insurance in developed countries as opposed to developing countries, such that the true burden of financing R&D falls to a greater extent on the former than the latter. We suggest that generics drugs be allowed in low-income countries, particularly since most of them do not have a well-established and functioning pharmaceutical industry.

Strong Decay widths and Coupling Constant of Recent Charm Meson States

Using an effective Lagrangian approach based on heavy quark symmetry and chiral dynamics, we explore the strong decay widths and branching ratios of various resonances and suggest their JP find the coupling constants involved in the strong decays through pseudoscalar mesons. The present work also discusses about the possible spin-parity assignments of recently observed states by LHCb collaboration.Comment: 13 pages, 3 tables and 6 plots, 2015(EPJC: Communicated