Regional wages and market potential in the enlarged EU: An empirical investigation

This paper empirically analyses the link between market potential and regional wages in the enlarged EU. We extend previous studies of EU regions in several ways. 1) we analyze the link between market potential and wages for the EU27, 2) correct for spatial autocorrelation present in the data, showing that by neglecting spatial autocorrelation the strength of the relationship between market potential and wages may be underestimated, 3) decompose total market potential into several geographical components and analyze their respective contributions to explaining the geographical wage structure, and 4) explore which regions have gained the most from European integration by calculating counterfactual market potential if they could only trade with other regions within the same country.Market potential, market access, regional wages, distance, European Union

Cavity-Enhanced Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

We present a new technique using a frequency comb laser and optical cavities for performing ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with improved sensitivity. Resonantly enhancing the probe pulses, we demonstrate a sensitivity of $\Delta$OD = 1 \times 10^{-9}/\sqrt{\mbox{Hz}} for averaging times as long as 30 s per delay point ($\Delta$OD$_{min} = 2 \times 10^{-10}$). Resonantly enhancing the pump pulses allows us to produce a high excitation fraction at high repetition-rate, so that signals can be recorded from samples with optical densities as low as OD $\approx 10^{-8}$, or column densities $< 10^{10}$ molecules/cm$^2$. This high sensitivity enables new directions for ultrafast spectroscopy

A Quasi-Global Presentation of TIROS III Radiation Data

The TIROS III meteorological satellite was equipped with a five-channel medium resolution radiometer to measure the reflected solar radiation as well as the infrared emission of the earth-atmosphere system in five different spectral regions (Reference 1). According to the initial design of this radiation experiment, one of the most useful applications of the infrared measurements was to be the derivation of day and nighttime cloudiness from Channel 2, which was sensitive within the atmospheric "window" region (8 to 12 microns). Several authors already have demonstrated and discussed the principal usefulness of these data for this particular purpose (References 2, 3, and 4). This present study was performed to investigate and demonstrate the utility of the TIROS radiation data for global synoptic analyses

Trends in Gender Segregation in the Choice of Science and Engineering Majors

Numerous theories have been put forward for the high and continuing levels of gender segregation, but research has not systematically examined the extent to which these theories for the gender gap are consistent with actual trends. Using both administrative data and three education panel datasets, we evaluate several prominent explanations for the persisting gender gap in STEM fields, and find that none of them are empirically satisfactory. Instead, the persisting gender gap in STEM fields is plausibly attributable to a females' greater preference relative to males for elite occupational careers that are less "vocationally oriented" in the undergraduate years and that permit greater flexibility in undergraduate. This hypothesis is supported by an analysis of gendered pathways to medical and law school

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MPP AND TEA ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION EFFORTS IN THE JAPANESE MARKET FOR MEATS

An Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System is utilized to determine the effectiveness of Market Promotion Program (MPP) and Target Export Assistance (TEA) advertising and promotion expenditures in the Japanese market for meat. Using annual data, it is found that beef advertising and promotion has had a positive and significant effect on the demand for beef. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that pork and poultry advertising and promotion increased the demand for either commodity.Marketing,

A nucleotide resolution map of Top2-linked DNA breaks in the yeast and human genome

DNA topoisomerases are required to resolve DNA topological stress. Despite this essential role, abortive topoisomerase activity generates aberrant protein-linked DNA breaks, jeopardising genome stability. Here, to understand the genomic distribution and mechanisms underpinning topoisomerase-induced DNA breaks, we map Top2 DNA cleavage with strand-specific nucleotide resolution across the S. cerevisiae and human genomes—and use the meiotic Spo11 protein to validate the broad applicability of this method to explore the role of diverse topoisomerase family members. Our data characterises Mre11-dependent repair in yeast and defines two strikingly different fractions of Top2 activity in humans: tightly localised CTCF-proximal, and broadly distributed transcription-proximal, the latter correlated with gene length and expression. Moreover, single nucleotide accuracy reveals the influence primary DNA sequence has upon Top2 cleavage—distinguishing sites likely to form canonical DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) from those predisposed to form strand-biased DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) induced by etoposide (VP16) in vivo