Inside Out Visual Place Recognition

Visual Place Recognition (VPR) is generally concerned with localizing outdoor images. However, localizing indoor scenes that contain part of an outdoor scene can be of large value for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we introduce Inside Out Visual Place Recognition (IOVPR), a task aiming to localize images based on outdoor scenes visible through windows. For this task we present the new large-scale dataset Amsterdam-XXXL, with images taken in Amsterdam, that consists of 6.4 million panoramic street-view images and 1000 user-generated indoor queries. Additionally, we introduce a new training protocol Inside Out Data Augmentation to adapt Visual Place Recognition methods for localizing indoor images, demonstrating the potential of Inside Out Visual Place Recognition. We empirically show the benefits of our proposed data augmentation scheme on a smaller scale, whilst demonstrating the difficulty of this large-scale dataset for existing methods. With this new task we aim to encourage development of methods for IOVPR. The dataset and code are available for research purposes at https://github.com/saibr/IOVPR

Inside Out Visual Place Recognition

Visual Place Recognition (VPR) is generally concerned with localizing outdoor images. However, localizing indoor scenes that contain part of an outdoor scene can be of large value for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we introduce Inside Out Visual Place Recognition (IOVPR), a task aiming to localize images based on outdoor scenes visible through windows. For this task we present the new large-scale dataset Amsterdam-XXXL, with images taken in Amsterdam, that consists of 6.4 million panoramic street-view images and 1000 user-generated indoor queries. Additionally, we introduce a new training protocol Inside Out Data Augmentation to adapt Visual Place Recognition methods for localizing indoor images, demonstrating the potential of Inside Out Visual Place Recognition. We empirically show the benefits of our proposed data augmentation scheme on a smaller scale, whilst demonstrating the difficulty of this large-scale dataset for existing methods. With this new task we aim to encourage development of methods for IOVPR. The dataset and code are available for research purposes at https://github.com/saibr/IOVPR

Neuropsychological Aspects of Epilepsy Surgery

Only a small number of patients with epilepsy undergo a neurosurgical operation in which the area from which epileptic neurons generate seizures is removed. From a neuropsychological perspective several different assessments and outcomes are being looked at. Chapter 2 deals with research on the Wada test. In this test, the language-dominant hemisphere can be assessed and can be predicted which individuals are at risk for post-surgical global amnesia. The Wada test is thought to be sensitive to bilateral dysfunction of the critical memory function in the temporomesial area. We tried to do the reverse. If the Wada test showed a lower memory score in one hemisphere, could this be related to the side of focus? We applied logistic regression in which we included four variables: both memory scores after injection, memory of a story told before injection, and an attention score. With this set of variables the side of a focus can be classified in 85% of the patients. Additionally, false prediction results in a slightly lowered chance of becoming seizure free. The neurosurgeon has the option of operating under local anaesthesia in which the operation can be carried out without damaging the language areas. In chapter 3 we looked at cognitive differences between both procedures six months after surgery. We found a relationship between the extent of the removed brain tissue in the superior temporal gyrus under general anaesthesia and a lowered verbal IQ and verbal comprehension. In chapter 4 we described a study on differences in auditory rhythm perception in both cerebral hemispheres. It is known that longer visual rhythms are better (holistically) processed by the right hemisphere. We used a rhythm test which consisted of 30 pairs of rhythms varying in length. We expected that the removal of brain tissue in right-sided resections should lead to a diminished recognition of longer rhythms. This appeared to be the case. Chapter 5 deals with the effects of an operation on intelligence. It is known from literature that half a year after left temporal lobe surgery verbal intelligence shows a slight decrease and performal intelligence shows less increase after right surgery than after left temporal lobe surgery. We followed now patients 6 years after surgery (with assessments after six months, two years and six years). This study showed that the decrease of verbal IQ after left temporal lobe surgeries is undone after two years. From two to up to six years this IQ shows an increase of up to normal values. Chapter 6 is devoted to long term follow-up of verbal memory. This function is purported to be a risk function in left temporal lobe surgery. The study revealed a specific group at risk. This group consists of patients with mesiotemporal sclerosis with an atrophic hippocampus. Verbal acquisition and consolidation in general shows an ongoing decrease up to two years after surgery, but the verbal memory of patients with a diagnosis of mesiotemporal sclerosis shows an ongoing decrease up to six years after surgery

Perceptive Visual Urban Analytics is Not (Yet) Suitable for Municipalities

The use of Computer Vision, through a Perceptive Visual Urban Analytics (VUA) paradigm, has been proposed as a way for municipalities to more easily monitor their cities. However, prior studies fall short of actually investigating whether Perceptive VUA is ready for municipal use. In this paper we take a critical look at this paradigm by comparing key methods and evaluating them on usability and trustworthiness with municipal experts as well as Responsible AI and Computer Vision researchers. Based on on this evaluation we find that Perceptive VUA is not (yet) ready for municipal use as they do not incorporate domain knowledge and overly rely on spurious correlations. We conclude by providing recommendations for how to progress Perceptive VUA such that it may actually contribute to improving the liveability and quality of urban environments.</p

The Lesioned Brain: Still a Small-World?

The intra-arterial amobarbital procedure (IAP or Wada test) is used to determine language lateralization and contralateral memory functioning in patients eligible for neurosurgery because of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. During unilateral sedation, functioning of the contralateral hemisphere is assessed by means of neuropsychological tests. We use the IAP as a reversible model for the effect of lesions on brain network topology. Three artifact-free epochs (4096 samples) were selected from each electroencephalogram record before and after amobarbital injection. Functional connectivity was assessed by means of the synchronization likelihood. The resulting functional connectivity matrices were constructed for all six epochs per patient in four frequency bands, and weighted network analysis was performed. The clustering coefficient, average path length, small-world index, and edge weight correlation were calculated. Recordings of 33 patients were available. Network topology changed significantly after amobarbital injection: clustering decreased in all frequency bands, while path length decreased in the theta and lower alpha band, indicating a shift toward a more random network topology. Likewise, the edge weight correlation decreased after injection of amobarbital in the theta and beta bands. Network characteristics after injection of amobarbital were correlated with memory score: higher theta band small-world index and increased upper alpha path length were related to better memory score. The whole-brain network topology in patients eligible for epilepsy surgery becomes more random and less optimally organized after selective sedation of one hemisphere, as has been reported in studies with brain tumor patients. Furthermore, memory functioning after injection seems related to network topology, indicating that functional performance is related to topological network properties of the brain

Diagnostic accuracy of functional magnetic resonance imaging, Wada test, magnetoencephalography, and functional transcranial Doppler sonography for memory and language outcome after epilepsy surgery: A systematic review

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Epilepsie

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