Synthesis of Tropane Derivatives

This chapter refers to tropane alkaloid compounds best known for their occurrence, biosynthesis, and pharmacological properties in a subsection of the plant family Solanaceae including the Atropa, Duboisia, Hyoscyamus, and Scopolia species, together with their semisynthetic derivatives. Tropane alkaloids are useful as parasympatholytics that competitively antagonize acetylcholine. The bicyclic ring of tropane moiety forms the base of these alkaloids, and the largest number of tropane alkaloids is substituted on the atom C-3 of the tropane ring in the form of ester derivatives. Also, this chapter provides routes to previous methods for synthesizing tropane-2-yl derivatives as well as new routes to synthesize 2-(p-toluenesulphonyl) tropane-2-ene (anhydroecgonine). The new strategy for synthesizing anhydroecgonine might be helpful to adopt the best method of synthesizing tropane-2-yl derivatives

Simultaneous Ratio Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol, Caffeine and Ibuprofen in Their Ternary Form

تم اقتراح طريقتين جديدتين و دقبقتبن و متوافقتين و اقتصاديتين للتقدير الطيفي لكل من الباراسيتامول و الايبويروفين و الكافايين. والطريقتان هما المشتقة النسبية الاولى و الثانية ثنائية المقسوم عليه. و قد اعطى كل من الباراسيتامول و الايبوبروفين و الكافايين قمم مفيدة في التقدير الكمي لكل منهما. و قد تم تقييم جميع انواع تقنيات التقدير للمكونات الثلاثة و هي ارتفاع القمة الى خط الاساس ومساحة القمة و قمة الى قمة بالاستناد الى ICH. كان التناسب خطيا لكلا الطريقتين ما بين 5 مكغم/مل كاقل تركيز و 50 مكغم/مل كأعلى تركيز للمكونات الثلاثة. كانت الاسترجاعية المئوية حوالي 100% و الانحراف المعياري النسبي كان اقل من 2.6%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح في تقدير كل من الباراسيتامول و الايبوبروفين و الكافايين في مكوناتها الصيدلانية.A new, accurate, precise and economic two spectrophotometric methods for determination of Paracetamol (Par), Ibuprofen (Ibu), and Caffeine (Caf) were suggested. Those methods were the first and second ratio derivative spectrum using a double devisor. Par, Ibu, and Caf showed many useful peaks for their quantified determination. The validity of all analysis modes for determination of the three compounds, peak to baseline, peak area and peak to peak were according to ICH. The linearity of two methods was between 5 µg/ml as a lower concentration and 50 µg/ml as the highest concentration for three compounds. Recovery percentage was around 100% and relative standard deviation was less than 2.6%. The methods were applied successfully in the determination of Par, Ibu, and Caf in pure and pharmaceutical forms

Spectrophotometric Assay of Lead in Human Hair Samples by using alizarin red (S) in Samarra area

A new spectrophotometric method for determination of lead in human hair samples was developed. The method is based on the reaction of lead(II) with alizarin red(S) in basic medium to form a pink red water soluble complex which gave a maximum absorbance at 518 nm. The optimum conditions (effect of Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide pH of medium, time effect, heating effect and reagent concentration) were investigated. The method obeyed to beer’s law over the concentrations range 1.50 ppm -9.00 ppm with molar absorptivity = 32522.96 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell index 0.0064μg.cm-2. It was applied successfully to determination of lead in pure and human hair samples with high sensitivity and good validity

Human Security and Fundamental Islam In A Modern Age

自2001年9月11日以来，关于国际关系与人类安全问题,大都集中于对伊斯兰教教义的讨论。面对伊斯兰原教旨主义的复兴,如何解读伊斯兰教教义，诚实而透彻地理解伊斯兰教教义所传达的思想，当前显得尤为迫切与重要。伊斯兰原教旨主义文献，体现了一些与自由时代大众对于人类安全迥然不同的观点，突出表现在个人安全与政治安全方面等内容。这些巨大的差异源于伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德的事迹，记录伊斯兰教神圣起源的《古兰经》，以及由伊斯兰教中品德高尚、受人信赖的学者们记录的史料。本文探讨人类安全、个人安全与政治安全的关系，分析伊斯兰基本教义中对人类安全的认识，阐述伊斯兰原教旨主义中对人类安全的理解,以及与自由时代大众对于人类...Since September 11, 2001 discussions regarding international relations and security have largely been focused on the religion of Islam. In the midst of a fundamental revival within the religion, the need for an honest and thorough understanding of the ideas expressed by fundamental Islam has never been more important. A fundamental reading of the Islamic literature reveals several discrepancies be...学位：法学硕士院系专业：南洋研究院_国际关系学号：1522012115421

An Elucidation of Contemporary Brain Targeting Tactics Employed in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), a global growing concern, are posing significant social and economic challenges, making the efficient delivery of medications to the brain a pressing demand. Over the past decade, several strategies have been developed to facilitate brain targeting, with the aim of circumventing the formidable obstacle presented by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These tactics encompass both non-invasive and invasive approaches, with the utilization of nanocarriers being increasingly prevalent due to the various advantages they offer. Likewise, the intranasal (IN) delivery of drugs is considered one of the most practical non-invasive techniques that can bypass the BBB, mitigating systemic adverse effects and reducing administered doses, in addition to, the added pros of greater bioavailability, and enhanced cerebral exposure at comparable oral doses. This review aims to elucidate recent approaches employed in the delivery of therapeutics to the brain, with a thorough emphasis on the IN route for targeted drug delivery

Microwave-assisted Synthesis, Structural Characterization of Amino Pyridines, Pyrrolidine, Piperidine, Morpholine, Acetamides, and Assessment of Their Antibacterial Activity

A sequence of new acetamide derivatives 9-15 of primary, secondary amine, and para-toluene sulphinate sodium salt have been synthesized under microwave irradiation and assessed in vitro for their antibacterial activity against one Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial species such as S. pyogenes, E. coli, and P.mirabilis using the Mueller-Hinton Agar diffusion (well diffusion) method. The synthesized compounds with significant differences in inhibition diameters and MICs were compared with those of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, azithromycin and doxycycline. All of the evaluated acetamide derivatives were used with varying inhibition concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 37.5, 62.5, 87.5, 112.5 and 125 &amp;micro;g/ml. The results show that the most important antibacterial properties exercised by the synthetic compounds 9 and 11 bearing para-chlorophenyl moiety incorporated into the 2-position moiety of acetamide 2. The molecular structures of the new compounds were determined using FT-IR, 1H-NMR techniques.</jats:p

Spectrophotometric determination of Metronidazole and Metronidazole benzoate via first and Second Derivative order spectroscopy

A New Spectrophotometric Methods are improved for determination Metronidazole (MTZ) and Metronidazolebenzoate (MTZB) depending on1STand 2nd derivative spectrum of the two drugs by using ethanol as a solvent. Many techniques were proportionated with concentration (peak high to base line, peak to peak and peak area). The linearity of the methodsranged between(1-25µg.ml-1) is obtained. The results were precise and accurate throw RSD% were between (0.041-0.751%) and (0.0331-0.452%), Rec% values between (97.78, 101.87%) and (98.033-102.39%) while the LOD between (0.051-0.231 µg.ml-1) and (0.074-1.04 µg.ml-1) and LOQ between (0.170-0.770µg.ml-1) and (0.074-0.313 µg.ml-1) of (MTZ) and of (MTZB) respectively. These Methods were successfully applied to determination of (MTZ) and (MTZB) in the pharmaceutical preparatio; n

Derivative spectrophotometric for simultaneous estimation of propranolol hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide in synthetic mixture

A simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric method for simultaneously estimation of PRO and HCTZ. The first derivative (D1) of the UV spectrum was used in the determination of both drugs in their synthetic mixtures. The Peak to baseline and Peak area at suitable wavelengths were used in the study. The linearity of both drugs was up to a concentration of (5-40 µg/ml). The analytical results of the estimation of PRO were, Rec% 97.179-102.424% and RSD% 0.001-4.996 %. While for estimation of HCTZ were, Rec% between 95.406-103.681% and RSD% 0.001-3.676%. The method was accurate, good repeatability and successfully applied in the estimation of both drugs in their synthetic mixtures.</jats:p