Barnehagen som læringsarena for gryende flerspråklighet – en oversikt over forskning 1985–2015

Artikkelen er opprinnelig gitt ut i tidsskriftet NOA. Norsk som andrespråk. Artikkelen er tilgjengelig via forlagets hjemmeside: http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NOA/article/view/1191Denne artikkelen gir et innblikk i hovedlinjer i barnehageforskning som omfatter barns vilkår for andrespråksutvikling, morsmålsutvikling og gryende flerspråklighet i barnehager i Norge. Jeg analyserer vitenskapelige bidrag på NOA-konferanser, FoU-arbeid, publikasjoner og oppnådde grader ved norske høgskoler og universitet i perioden 1985–2015 og presenterer framveksten av forskningsarbeidene samt tematiske og metodologiske hovedtendenser. Gjennomgangen viser at barnehageforskning på dette feltet hadde sin spede begynnelse på slutten av 1980-tallet, og spesielt etter 2005 finner vi en betydelig vekst i antall arbeid. De vitenskapelige arbeidene på gryende flerspråklighet i norske barnehagekontekst karakteriseres av mangfold og bidrag fra flere vitenskapsdisipliner. To tematiske hovedlinjer pekes ut. Det ene hovedtemaet dreier seg om flerspråklige barns språkbruk og utvikling av andrespråksferdigheter i en barnehagekontekst, mens det andre hovedtemaet handler om barnehagepersonalets språkdidaktiske arbeid med flerspråklige barn. Avslutningsvis i artikkelen diskuteres utfordringer for forskningsfeltet og videre forskningsbehov

Grid-enabling FIRST: Speeding up simulation applications using WinGrid

The vision of grid computing is to make computational power, storage capacity, data and applications available to users as readily as electricity and other utilities. Grid infrastructures and applications have traditionally been geared towards dedicated, centralized, high performance clusters running on UNIX flavour operating systems (commonly referred to as cluster-based grid computing). This can be contrasted with desktop-based grid computing which refers to the aggregation of non-dedicated, de-centralized, commodity PCs connected through a network and running (mostly) the Microsoft Windowstrade operating system. Large scale adoption of such Windowstrade-based grid infrastructure may be facilitated via grid-enabling existing Windows applications. This paper presents the WinGridtrade approach to grid enabling existing Windowstrade based commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) simulation packages (CSPs). Through the use of a case study developed in conjunction with Ford Motor Company, the paper demonstrates how experimentation with the CSP Witnesstrade and FIRST can achieve a linear speedup when WinGridtrade is used to harness idle PC computing resources. This, combined with the lessons learned from the case study, has encouraged us to develop the Web service extensions to WinGridtrade. It is hoped that this would facilitate wider acceptance of WinGridtrade among enterprises having stringent security policies in place

Slugging in multiphase flow as a mixed initial-boundary value problem for a hyperbolic system

This paper studies the multiphasis slugging flow phenomenon occurring in oil wells and flow lines. The main contribution is a low-dimensional distributed parameters model, comprising as states the gas mass fraction, the pressure, and gas velocity. Along with appropriate boundary conditions, on the one-dimensional space domain, it constitutes a well-posed mixed initial-boundary value problem for a quasilinear hyperbolic system. Numerical simulation results obtained with a presented characteristics method solver stress the validity of the approach and the fair representativeness of the model. In particular, the period of simulated oscillations and their overall shape is in accordance with reference results from the literature. Controllability and observability open problems are exposed for future works

Reproducing slugging oscillations of a real oil well

International audienceThis paper addresses the problem of reproducing oscillations generated by the well-known slugging phenomenon in multiphase flow. Reported investigations show how to determine the parameters of a recently proposed ordinary differential equations system, so that it captures the charac- teristics of actually observed slugging oscillations. A tuning procedure based on the mathematical properties of the model is presented. It is then applied to a test case consisting of a real oil well located in the North Sea. An observer using only topside measurements allows asymptotic reconstruction of critical variables such as the downhole pressure

Reproducing slugging oscillations of an oil well

This paper addresses the problem of reproducing oscillations generated by the well-known slugging phenomenon in multiphase flow. Reported investigations show how to determine the parameters of a recently proposed ordinary dierential equations system, so that it captures the characteristics of actually observed slugging oscillations. A tuning procedure based on the mathematical properties of the model is presented. It is then applied to a test case consisting of a real oil well located in the North Sea. An observer using only topside measurements allows asymptotic reconstruction of critical variables such as the downhole pressure

Model-based control of slugging: advances and challenges

We review recent advances in the suppression of the slugging phenomenon by model-based control. We focus on three aspects of recent contributions: models, observers and control laws. For each category, we evaluate and compare existing solutions, and propose directions for improvement

Frequency of Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa Population of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The refuge plus high-dose strategy for resistance management assumes that the frequency of resistance alleles is low. We used an F2 screen to estimate the frequency of resistance to transgenic corn that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ab toxin (Bt corn) in an Iowa population of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hu¨ bner). We also proposed a modiÞcation to the statistical analysis of the F2 screen that extends its application for nonuniform prior distributions and for repeated sampling of a single population. Based on a sample of 188 isofemale lines derived from females caught at light traps during the 2nd ßight of 1997, we show with 95% conÞdence that the frequency of resistance to Bt corn was ,3.9 3 1023 in this Iowa population. These results provide weak evidence that the refuge plus high-dose strategy may be effective for managing resistance in O. nubilalis to Bt corn. Partial resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was found commonly. The 95% CI for the frequency of partial resistance were [8.231024, 9.431023] for the Iowa population. Variable costs of the method were $14.90 per isofemale line, which was a reduction of 25% compared with our initial estimate

Fluoridated elastomers: Effect on the microbiology of plaque

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of fluoridated elastomeric ligatures on the microbiology of local dental plaque in vivo. This randomized, prospective, longitudinal, clinical trial had a split-mouth crossover design. The subjects were 30 patients at the beginning of their treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances in the orthodontic departments of the Liverpool and the Sheffield dental hospitals in the United Kingdom. The study consisted of 2 experimental periods of 6 weeks with a washout period between. Fluoridated elastomers were randomly allocated at the first visit to be placed around brackets on tooth numbers 12, 11, 33 or 22, 21, 43. Nonfluoridated elastomers were placed on the contralateral teeth. Standard nonantibacterial fluoridated toothpaste and mouthwash were supplied. After 6 weeks (visit 2), the elastomers were removed, placed in transport media, and plated on agar within 2 hours. Nonfluoridated elastomers were placed on all brackets for 1 visit to allow for a washout period. At visit 3, fluoridated elastomers were placed on the teeth contralateral to those that received them at visit 1. At visit 4, the procedures at visit 2 were repeated. Samples were collected on visits 2 and 4. A logistic regression was performed, with the presence or absence of streptococcal or anaerobic growth as the dependent variable. A mixed-effects analysis of variance was carried out with the percentage of streptococcal or anaerobic bacterial count as the dependent variable. The only significant independent variables were the subject variable (P = < .001) for the percentage of streptococcal and anaerobic bacterial count and the visit variable for the percentage of streptococcal count (P = < .001). The use of fluoridated or nonfluoridated elastomers was not significant for percentage of either streptococcal (P = .288) or anaerobic count (P = .230). Fluoridated elastomers are not effective at reducing local streptococcal or anaerobic bacterial growth after a clinically relevant time in the mouth

Er det samsvar i registreringene når sykepleiere og studenter screener pasienter for ernæringsstatus?

Studiens bakgrunn: I nylig publiserte nasjonale faglige retningslinjer for forebygging og behandling av underernæring anbefales at alle pasienter skal screenes for ernæringsmessig risiko. Hensikt: Å teste interrater reliabiliteten (IRR) ved bruk av screeninginstrumentene Nutrition Rating Scale 2002 (NRS2002) og Subjective Global Assessment Tool (SGA) i spesialisthelsetjenesten. Metode: Sykepleiere og sykepleiestudenter fikk opplæring i bruk av aktuelle screeninginstrumenter. De fylte ut instrumentene uavhengig av hverandre, og IRR ble kalkulert med Kappa (K) test. Alle voksne hospitaliserte pasienter som var inneliggende på kirurgiske-, medisinske-, geriatrisk- eller akutte avdelinger som hadde sykepleiestudenter ble inkludert. Resultat: Til sammen 220 pasienter ble kartlagt gjennom ett døgn. Pasientene var >18 år, og innlagt på somatiske klinikker som hadde sykepleiestudenter. IRR mellom sykepleiere og studenter var lav, med en K=0,54 med NRS2002 og K=. 0,51 med SGA. Sykepleierne vurderte 34,3 prosent av pasientene som risikoutsatte med NRS 2002, og 33 prosent som risikoutsatte med SGA. Det var god overensstemmelse i sykepleiernes vurdering av risikoutsatthet med de to instrumentene (K= 73). Konklusjon: IRR mellom sykepleiere og studenter i registrering av underernæring med NRS 2002 og SGA var moderat. Det er behov for videre forskning for å få mer kunnskap om bakgrunnen for manglende overensstemmelse i skåringer ved bruk av disse instrumentene.Background: Pressure ulcers (PU) are common, but preventable, adverse events with serious consequences for patients’ health outcome, well-being and resource utilization. PU prevalence data from Norwegian hospitals is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe the PU prevalence, classification and preventive interventions using a standardized method developed by the European Pressure Advisory Panel (EPUAP). Method: Four teams of two nurses examined 85 patients ≥15 years on four wards at a university hospital on a single registration day. PU was graded by the EPUAP classification system. The EPUAP form was utilized including general and clinical data, Braden Scale, skin examination and preventive measures. Findings: PU prevalence was 17,6 % including grade 1 and 7,1 % including grade 2–4. The heels and sacrum were the most common PU location. Among patients in need of pressure ulcer prevention ( BS<17 or PU) 37.5% were without a pressure reducing mattress in bed, 90% were without pressure reduction in chair and none of the patients had planned regular repositioning in bed or chair. Conclusion: A PU prevalence of 17,6 % is comparable to rates reported in other hospitals. Relatively few patients with increased risk received adequate preventive care. Results indicate PU prevalence studies in Norwegian hospitals are warranted and may contribute to improvement of patient care. Key words: pressure ulcer, prevention, cross sectional stud