The risk of the forgery of signatures and the problem of the conflicting entitlements in the law of negotiable instruments: a comparative study

The concern of this thesis is to examine the risk of forgery of signatures In the context of negotiable Instruments. The allocation of the said risk is submitted to represent one of the most controversial matters among the existing legal systems. It is believed that the issue under consideration has represented a major obstacle to the adoption of an acceptable unification of the law of negotiable instruments. The main task of this thesis is to propose an efficient allocation of the risk of the forgery of signatures. The scope of this enquiry is confined to the forgery of two forms of signatures, namely, that of the proprietor of a blank document and that of the payee or indorsee of a negotiable instrument. The forgery of such signatures is submitted to represent the major incident of the problem of risk allocation in the context of negotiable Instruments. Its involvement affects the currency of such documents and ultimately, it affects the determination of the property right of negotiable instruments, as well as the enforcement of the incorporated contractual promises and undertakings. In formulating the proposed allocation of the risk of the forgery of signatures, this thesis takes into account economic considerations, as well as the considerations relevant to the institution of negotiable Instrument So The theory underlying such an attitude is firstly, to reconcile with recent developments in the law, secondly to accommodate the needs of modern society and thirdly, to promote the efficiency of a significant finance instrument. The promotion of the efficiency of negotiable instruments would necessarily promote the efficiency of the market. Finally, this thesis examines the attitude of the major existing legal systems in allocating the forgery of signatures in the context of negotiable instruments. In particular, it examines the attitude of the Anglo-American and the Continental Geneva legal systems. It examines the theories underlying such an attitude. It examines the validity of the advanced theories. It examines the compatibility of the attitude of the said legal systems with the considerations underlying the institution of negotiable Instruments as well as those underlying economic reality. Ultimately, this thesis determines the most compatible legal system with the proposed risk allocation rule

Public Relations Practitioners Use of Social Media in Kuwait Organisations: Alternative Public Relations Model in Kuwait

The Internet has significantly altered the manner in which people communicate and this has also affected how businesses communicate with their various audiences. Public relations practitioners are among those that have been using digital media in order to achieve their communication goals. Focusing on social media, this research critically compares the use social media adopted by the public relations practitioners in Kuwaiti public institutions and private commercial institutions. The research aims to develop the public relations body of knowledge by conducting an empirical investigation of public relations practitioners’ practice of social media in Kuwaiti organisations, which is a significantly understudied context. This research employs relationship management function and online cultivation strategy of public relations and social presence and media richness theories to develop the theoretical framework to examine the strategic communication in Kuwait. In order to investigate the role of social media in Public and private commercial institutions in Kuwait, social media semiotic analysis was used to investigate the public engagement undertaken by the organisations on social media (Instagram) between October 2017 and October 2018. This was supported by the thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with public relations practitioners and managers across both private and public institutions in Kuwait. The research findings contribute to develop historical narrative around digital media and society in Kuwait and build a culturally appropriate, alternative public relations practice model. The research aims to have a deeper impact on the public relations practitioners’ practices and to contribute towards developing a social media framework that is culturally appropriate in Kuwait. The final chapter includes the discussion of an alternative model of PR for Kuwaiti practitioners, along with a discussion of practitioner and theoretical implications of the research

The Distinguish Between Information Security and Privacy

People, on the global scale, are either with government surveillance on information to ensure their safety or against it to protect their own privacy. Therefore, this paper sheds light on both sides and shows possible solutions to reveal the distinguish between information security and privacy. They represent two different and complementary domains of action. Security and privacy represent essential elements of an interconnected world of information. In this world, the demand for access to personal information is strong and increasing; it’s required to adjust products people’s taste. Security plays a role for the state in controlling and monitoring the transactions and movements

Systematic review of the safety of medication use in inpatient, outpatient and primary care settings in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries

Background Errors in medication use are a patient safety concern globally, with different regions reporting differing error rates, causes of errors and proposed solutions. The objectives of this review were to identify, summarise, review and evaluate published studies on medication errors, drug related problems and adverse drug events in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Methods A systematic review was carried out using six databases, searching for literature published between January 1990 and August 2016. Research articles focussing on medication errors, drug related problems or adverse drug events within different healthcare settings in the GCC were included. Results Of 2094 records screened, 54 studies met our inclusion criteria. Kuwait was the only GCC country with no studies included. Prescribing errors were reported to be as high as 91% of a sample of primary care prescriptions analysed in one study. Of drug-related admissions evaluated in the emergency department the most common reason was patient non-compliance. In the inpatient care setting, a study of review of patient charts and medication orders identified prescribing errors in 7% of medication orders, another reported prescribing errors present in 56% of medication orders. The majority of drug related problems identified in inpatient paediatric wards were judged to be preventable. Adverse drug events were reported to occur in 8.5–16.9 per 100 admissions with up to 30% judged preventable, with occurrence being highest in the intensive care unit. Dosing errors were common in inpatient, outpatient and primary care settings. Omission of the administered dose as well as omission of prescribed medication at medication reconciliation were common. Studies of pharmacists’ interventions in clinical practice reported a varying level of acceptance, ranging from 53% to 98% of pharmacists’ recommendations. Conclusions Studies of medication errors, drug related problems and adverse drug events are increasing in the GCC. However, variation in methods, definitions and denominators preclude calculation of an overall error rate. Research with more robust methodologies and longer follow up periods is now required.Peer reviewe

Antibiotics-induced dysbiosis impacts dendritic morphology of adult mouse cortical interneurons

IntroductionA growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may contribute to changes in brain morphology. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has been shown to influence neurogenesis, axon myelination, and synapse structure. However, it remains unclear whether the MGBA can influence the morphology and density of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. The aim of this study was to determine whether antibiotic-induced dysbiosis (AID) is associated with alterations in dendritic morphology of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC), somatosensory cortex (SSC), motor cortex (MC), and hippocampus (Hp).MethodsA cohort of six-month-old GAD-67-EGFP transgenic mice was treated with an antibiotic cocktail for two weeks, resulting in gut dysbiosis as validated by collecting stool samples at baseline and after treatment, then using next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA.ResultsThe results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively exhibited the defining features of gut dysbiosis, including a significant reduction in microbiome diversity, expansion of pathobionts, and loss of beneficial microbes. The AID group showed alterations in density and morphology of GABAergic interneurons in different brain areas. The mean dendritic length and mean dendritic segments of the SSC and Hp were found to be significantly decreased, while no such decrease was observed in the mEC or MC. Furthermore, the density of interneurons was decreased in the mEC, Hp, and SSC areas, while no change was observed in the MC area.DiscussionThe interneuron dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of neurological disease. The findings of this study suggest that AID potentially influences the density and morphology of the interneurons, which may contribute to the development of neurological disorders

<i>Abraham Gazed upon the Stars and Said</i> ‘<i>innī saqīm</i>’: The Influence of a <i>ṣaḥīḥ ḥadīth</i> on the Interpretation of Q. 37:88–89, and a Thematic and Structural Reading of Abraham's Story in the Qur'an

Historically mufassirs have disagreed on the meaning of the words innī saqīm spoken by Abraham as he gazed upon the stars in Q. 37:88–89. This lack of consensus can be traced back to the existence of a ṣaḥīḥ ḥadīth concerning the three lies that Abraham is said to have spoken in his lifetime. Some exegetes have attempted to reconcile the Qur'anic verses with this ḥadīth by emphasising Abraham's integrity and truthfulness and his use of white lies ( al-maʿārīḍ), while others have ignored the ḥadīth and instead rely on a contextual reading. This article analyses the meaning of Q. 37:88–89, and also explores the other suras that reference this narrative (Q. 6, Q. 21, and Q. 26). To do this it will utilise ring theory ( naẓariyyat al-tanāẓur) and exegesis of the Qur'an by the Qur'an ( tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi'l-Qurʾān), as well as the concept of the interconnectedness of Q. 37 and Q. 38 (inasmuch as these two consecutive suras both elaborate on the attributes of Abraham), so as to explore how this approach influences our understanding of this narrative. It will posit that the reference to ‘gazing upon the stars’ in Q. 37 is not synonymous with the reference to ‘looking at the planets’ in Q. 6, and that Abraham's people were well aware of his belief in God, and consequently did not correlate his gazing at the stars with belief in them. The study concludes that a contextual reading of the sura indicates that first, the phrase innī saqīm in Q. 37:88 connotes ‘contemplation’; second, the ‘sickness’ mentioned in Q. 37:89 denotes sickness of the body and mind, and that Q. 21 and Q. 26 affirm that Abraham's people understood it as such; and finally, that Q. 38 confirms the strength of Abraham's argument. </jats:p