Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

Functional neuroimaging research in humans has identified a number of brain areas that are activated by the delivery of primary and secondary reinforcers. The present study investigated how activity in these reward-sensitive regions is modulated by the context in which rewards and punishments are experienced. Fourteen healthy volunteers were scanned during the performance of a simple monetary gambling task that involved a "win" condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary gain, a small gain, or no gain of money) and a "lose" condition (in which the possible outcomes were a large monetary loss, a small loss, or no loss of money). We observed reward-sensitive activity in a number of brain areas previously implicated in reward processing, including the striatum, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and inferior parietal lobule. Critically, activity in these reward-sensitive areas was highly sensitive to the range of possible outcomes from which an outcome was selected. In particular, these regions were activated to a comparable degree by the best outcomes in each condition-a large gain in the win condition and no loss of money in the lose condition-despite the large difference in the objective value of these outcomes. In addition, some reward-sensitive brain areas showed a binary instead of graded sensitivity to the magnitude of the outcomes from each distribution. These results provide important evidence regarding the way in which the brain scales the motivational value of events by the context in which these events occur

Protection of Indigenous Peoples Rights after the Enforcement Of Village Law in Indonesia

The State recognizes and respects the unity of indigenous peoples with their conditional rights. The protection of indigenous peoples in sectoral legislation related to natural resources gives state power as Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia through the right of state control and indigenous peoples governance in the form of customary villages by applying legal pluralism. The constitutional protection is not in line with the condition of indigenous peoples in the control and management of agrarian resources. They are always defeated with various arguments for economic growth and investment. The existence of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 Year 2014 on Village has given recognition of customary village institutions, but still weak in terms of utilization of natural resources owned. Keywords: protection, indigenous peoples, traditional rights

Reframing Art History’s Archive: Self-as-Other and Other-as-Self in Amrita Sher-Gil’s and Pushpamala N.’s Citations

In this article I analyze two self-portraits by women artists that question art history’s power structures by citing canonical paintings by men from the discipline’s archive. In Self-portrait as Tahitian (1934) Hungarian-Indian woman artist Amrita Sher-Gil depicts her own half-nude body, while referencing the (in)famous Tahiti paintings by Paul Gauguin, underscoring the various complexities of the global trajectories of modernist artistic practice. The photograph Lady in Moonlight (2004) casts Pushpamala N. as the idealized lady of an 1898 Raja Ravi Varma oil painting. I argue that through a double bind position (Spivak) taken by the artists, Self-Portrait as Tahitian and Lady in Moonlight make gender visible in art history’s archive and display its structuring power in canonical logics. Through a citational move, the artists place themselves simultaneously in- and out-side art history, and posit not only the self as other, inherent to any self-portraiture, but also the Other as self