311 research outputs found

    Value-at-Risk forecasting with different quantile regression models

    Get PDF
    Forecasting volatility and Value-at-Risk (VaR) are popular topics of study in econometrical finance. Their popularity can likely be attributed to the statistical challenges related to producing reliable VaR estimates across a wide array of assets and data series. As many financial assets offer unique statistical properties, it has proven to be a difficult task to find a model reliable enough to be considered accepted as the best method. This study focuses on the problem of forecasting volatility and one-day-ahead VaR. The thesis has two main purposes. Firstly, we want to further examine the performance of linear quantile regression models in VaR forecasting against more established models as benchmarks. Secondly, we want to compare the performance between each of the three quantile regression models to see which one performs the best. The three quantile regression models in question are HAR-QR, EWMA-QR and GARCH(1,1) QR. Our findings strongly support the conclusion that quantile regression outperforms the three benchmark models in predicting one-day-ahead VaR for all of the five assets examined. When subjected to coverage tests for both unconditional and conditional coverage each quantile regression delivered perfect unconditional coverage. However, only the HAR-QR model delivered perfect conditional coverage and thus performed the best of the three models. The benchmarks models RiskMetrics, GARCH(1,1) and Historical Simulation showed particular problems with estimating the left tail quantiles of the distribution. The study shows that compared to the QR approach, these models fail to capture time variant volatility and the negative skewness and leptokurtosis that is present in the assets return distributions.M-Ø

    Classifying and Defining Operational and Organizational Aspects of Barriers for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry

    Get PDF
    This masters thesis is written on the topic of barrier management, and specifically the human and organizational aspects in this field. The main objective of the thesis is to clarify the use of terms related to human and organizational aspects of barrier management. The thesis is re- stricted to major accident risks in the offshore oil and gas industry.There have in the later years been an increasing focus on the operational and organizational aspects of risk reduction. In addition to this focus, the Petroleum Safety Authority in Norway have stated that barriers are one of their most important areas of focus. There are however a large number of different definition sets and classification schemes for barriers and risk reduc- ing measures, both within the oil and gas industry, and in other industries. These definitions and classifications integrate to a varying extent human and organizational aspects of the risk reducing measures. There is also difficulties incorporating the human and organizational contributions into accident scenario modeling, both because of the lack of data on these aspects and the lack of modeling methods that are adaptable for the oil and gas industry.Some of the main differentiation between the definitions that are described in the thesis is the differentiation between what aspects that are a part of the barrier, and what aspects that influences the barrier. Here there are some definitions that operates with a wide scope of what constitutes a barrier, where human actions, rules, regulations, procedures and plans can be con- sidered barrier elements, while other definitions strictly limits the scope of barriers to only con- sider technical and physical elements as barriers. There is also differences in the way the barrier definitions are broken down into sub-definitions. Some of the most common elements are bar- rier elements, barrier systems, barrier functions, and of course barrier. Some definition sets also include influencing factors. Though correlation exists between the different barrier definitions, there are some significant differences, especially on the operational and organizational aspects.Some modeling methods, that incorporates or focuses on human and organizational aspects have been described and discussed. The main focus is on Human Reliability Analysis methods. This is a set of methods that have been developed and used in the nuclear power industry to model human actions. These models differentiates between human actions, performance shaping, or influencing, factors, and uses probabilities to model human error or failure. These modeling methods have not previously been used, to any great extent in the oil and gas indus- try, because of the challenges of adapting the data and models to the operations performed on an oil rig, from the operations on nuclear power plants. The other modeling methods that have been described and discussed are the use of Bayesian Belief Networks, the Functional Resonance Modeling Method and the System-Theoretic Accident Model and Process methodology. All of these have pros and cons for application for barrier models in the offshore oil and gas industry.Some of the definitions that was found and discussed in the literature survey, are applied to different major accident related scenarios, to examine the differences between these closer, in case scenarios. The cases that are used, are in different parts of an accident scenario. The first case is an maintenance operation, where the different steps in the operation are described. The second case is in relation to a drilling operation. Here the different elements in kick-detection is described. The last case is a hydro carbon leak scenario, where different safety measures are described. For these three cases, four different definitions, or classifications of barriers were applied. The comparison showed that most of the differences between the definitions were related to operational and organizational aspects of the procedures and measures.The findings in the thesis points towards that to focus on the function of the barriers are the best way of incorporating operational and organizational aspects of barrier management into modeling. This is opposed to a hardware focused barrier definition. A set of barrier definitions that is based on this function-oriented view is proposed. Also a framework to identify barriers, based on the new set of barrier definition is proposed. The proposed definitions are applied to the same cases as the definitions found in the literature survey, and the barrier identification framework is exemplified through the application on a hydro carbon leak scenario.The findings and the proposed definition are discussed, and some areas that are in need of future work are proposed

    School self-evaluation and its impact on teachers’ work in England

    Get PDF
    This study, based on in-depth interview data from a sample of schools in the midlands of England, offers an analysis of UK teachers’ perceptions and understandings of school self evaluation at a point when national accountability procedures have required that all schools complete and constantly update a web-based self evaluation schedule, which is then used as the basis for high stakes external inspection. School systems and cultures of self evaluation were found to be diverse, complex and school-specific. Three broad cultural categories are proposed as a heuristic to illuminate: issues of compliance and resistance, teacher motivation and behaviours, understandings of professionalism and leadership, school ethos, job satisfaction, and the use and interpretation of school level data in relation to school self evaluation

    Nordic digital identification (eID)

    Get PDF
    This publication presents the survey results and policy recommendations of a Nordic study of national eID-systems. The countries that have been studied are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The aim of the study is to facilitate and lay a foundation for discussions about the similarities and differences in legal, organisational, technical and data approaches taken by the different countries. The survey data has been gathered with the assistance of the members of a project reference group. The data has been analysed and structured into a number of highlighted issues (chapter 1). The highlighted issues have been in turn used as baseline for a set of recommendations (chapter 9). The Nordic Council of Ministers has provided funding and facilitated the staffing of the reference group. The Norwegian Agency for Public Management and e-Government, Difi, has been the project owner and provided project resources

    Samvær etter omsorgsovertakelse - en undersøkelse av praksis fra fylkesnemnder og lagmannsretter

    Get PDF
    I løpet av de siste årene er Norge gjentatte ganger blitt dømt av Den europeiske menneskerettsdomstolen (EMD) for brudd på retten til familieliv i Den europeiske menneskerettskonvensjonen (EMK) artikkel 8. Per 14. oktober 2021 er Norge felt i 11 av totalt 43 saker. I seks av sakene er det enten ikke funnet menneskerettighetsbrudd, eller sakene hadde prosessuelle mangler. Avgjørelsene gjelder i hovedsak spørsmål om samvær etter omsorgsovertakelse og tvangsadopsjon. Et fåtall gjelder omsorgsovertakelse. EMD har i alle sakene fremhevet at omsorgsovertakelse er et midlertidig inngrep, og at samvær må praktiseres slik at gjenforening senere vil være mulig. Dette er også utgangspunktet etter norsk rett. En stor del av kritikken fra EMD knytter seg til prosessuelle spørsmål, som at begrunnelsene for vedtakene ikke har vært basert på et tilstrekkelig oppdatert beslutningsgrunnlag, eller at begrunnelsene ikke har vært konkrete og grundige nok. En del av kritikken knyttet til samvær har vært rettet mot det som oppfattes som standardiserte normer for samværsutmåling. Høyesteretts storkammer avsa 27. mars 2020 tre avgjørelser for å avklare norsk rettstilstand etter EMD-dommene. Høyesterett bekrefter at omsorgsovertakelse også etter norsk rett er et midlertidig tiltak, men presiserer at samvær etter omsorgsovertakelsen som utgangspunkt skal bygge opp under målet om gjenforening, også i de situasjonene der plasseringen tegner til å bli langvarig. Høyesterett understreker betydningen av at det foretas konkrete, individuelle vurderinger, og at det ikke skal benyttes standardiserte kriterier. Problemstillingen for denne rapporten er om praksis i fylkesnemnder og lagmannsretter om samvær etter omsorgsovertakelser er i samsvar med gjeldende rett etter Høyesteretts storkammeravgjørelser, herunder om begrunnelsene er tilstrekkelig konkrete og individuelle,og hvilke momenter som vektlegges. 37 fylkesnemndsvedtak og 32 lagmannsrettsdommer avsagt i perioden 27. mars –31. desember 2020 er gjennomgått for å besvare problemstillingen. Funnene tilsier at praksis langt på vei er i samsvar med storkammeravgjørelsene. Hovedinntrykket er at begrunnelsene for samværsfastsettelse er grundige og konkrete, samt at relevante hensyn tillegges vekt og avveies mot hverandre på en balansert måte. Målet om gjenforening mellom barn og foreldre opprettholdes i de fleste sakene. Der gjenforeningsmålet i et fåtall saker er forlatt, for eksempel ved at det fastsettes sterkt begrenset samvær, synes begrunnelsene for å forlate gjenforeningsmålet å tilfredsstille kravene som følger av storkammersakene og EMD-dommene. På bakgrunn av sakenes faktum og barnets situasjon kan det imidlertid reises spørsmål ved om gjenforeningsmålet kunne og burde vært forlatt i flere saker, med den konsekvens at samvær kan fastsettes uten gjenforening for øye. Når for eksempel barnets reaksjoner er svært sterke, barnet har fått en sterk tilknytning til mennesker og miljø der det er, eller det er relativt åpenbart at foreldrene ikke i overskuelig fremtid vil kunne ha omsorg for barnet, kan det spørres om vilkårene for å forlate gjenforeningsmålet kunne vært oppfylt. I de fleste sakene i materialet vurderes det om samværet vil innebære en urimelig belastning for barna. Vurderingen av dette hensynet isolert sett i forhold til den bredere vurderingen av barnets beste, kan tyde på en viss uklarhet i praksis når det gjelder hvilken terskel som skal legges til grunn. Øvrige hensyn som vektlegges, er blant annet barnas egen mening, om barna er særlig sårbare eller har særlige behov, om de har vært utsatt for vold og/eller overgrep, og om de har minoritetsbakgrunn. Andre forhold ved barn og foreldre som tillegges vekt, er særlig foreldrenes evne til å skape gode samvær, barnas reaksjoner i tilknytning til samvær og barnas behov for stabilitet og kontinuitet. Det er i de fleste saker lagt til rette for barnas medvirkning, noe som i særlig grad gjelder barn over syv år. Barnas rett til medvirkning er imidlertid ikke godt nok ivaretatt for barn under syv år. EMD-sakene kjennetegnes på den annen side ved at barnets egen mening i liten grad er beskrevet eller vektlagt. En av årsakene kan være at EMD-sakene overveiende gjelder ganske små barn. I fylkesnemndspraksis er det i flere saker gjengitt dokumentasjon som peker i retning av at barna har vært utsatt for vold/overgrep, men likevel uten at dette vurderes i vedtaket. Det kan derfor reises spørsmål ved om fylkesnemndenes plikt til å beskytte barna i disse tilfellene overholdes. I noen fylkesnemndssaker er barnas rettigheter på grunnlag av deres etniske, kulturelle, språklige og religiøse bakgrunn ikke vurdert. Det fremstår som tilfeldig i hvilken grad barns kulturelle rettigheter tematiseres og vektlegges av fylkesnemndene i saker som omhandler barn med minoritetsbakgrunn. Et annet trekk ved materialet er at samvær skal skje under tilsyn. Begrunnelsene for tilsynet er imidlertid gjennomgående relativt kortfattede.publishedVersio

    Alcohol serving prohibition: Before, during and after

    Get PDF
    BO6-201

    Utvikling og kvalitet i kommunal beredskap

    Get PDF
    I etterkant av terrorangrepet den 22. juli kom samfunnssikkerhet på dagsordenen, og det ble brukt mye ressurser på kort tid for å forbedre det norske beredskapsapparatet. Mange av disse tiltakene var fokusert på høyere organisatoriske plan, og ikke på lokale og regionale strukturer. Formålet for dette prosjektet var å undersøke i hvilken grad utviklingen innenfor kommunal beredskap siden 2011 har hevet kvaliteten til det kommunale beredskapsarbeidet på landsbasis, og hvorvidt endringene har utbedret manglene som omhandlet beredskapsplanlegging utpekt av 22. juli kommisjonen. For å måle kvalitet ble åtte retningslinjer for effektiv beredskapsplanlegging, presentert av Engen m. fl., valgt ut. Deretter ble det gjennomført en dokumentstudie av stortingsmeldingene om samfunnssikkerhet fra 2001-2021 og kommuneundersøkelsene fra 2010-2021. Resultatene fra dokumentanalysen ble samlet opp og presentert. Her ble tre overordnede strategiske initiativer og fire ulike kategorier av utviklingstrender identifisert. Det ble også gjennomført tre intervjuer med kommunalt og regionalt beredskapspersonell, for å nyansere de overordnede trendene som ble avdekket i dokumentanalysen. Datamaterialet viser at det kommunale beredskapsapparatet har gått gjennom en positiv utvikling i forhold til deres kunnskap om risiko, grad av samvirke og kontinuitet i beredskapsarbeidet. Videre er det svake indikatorer som peker mot en positiv utvikling innenfor bruk av generelle prinsipper samt samlet og individuell trening av beredskapsplaner. I forhold til manglene utpekt av 22. juli kommisjonen har det vært en forbedring innenfor koordinering og samvirke. Det er også indikatorer som tilsier at evnen til å erkjenne risiko og lære fra øvelser samt evnen til å bruke eksisterende planverk, har blitt forbedret. Det ser ut til at få av endringene innenfor kommunal beredskap kan knyttes direkte til 22. juli, og at de heller er fortsettelsen av allerede eksisterende trender. Datagrunnlaget for å beskrive utviklingen innenfor kommunal beredskap er dog svakt, og det burde gjøres mer forskning innenfor dette tema i fremtiden

    Underwater archaeobotany : plant and wood analyses from the Vrouw Maria, a 1771 shipwreck in the Finnish Baltic Sea

    Get PDF
    Archaeobotanical analyses together with historical records can provide unique information about the cargoes and histories of sunken ships, which are found as wrecks at the bottom of the seas all over the world. An interdisciplinary research project was undertaken on the Vrouw Maria (Lady Mary), a Dutch wooden two-masted merchant ship that sank on October 9th in 1771 in the Finnish Baltic Sea. She rested at a depth of 41 m and was in good condition when discovered. Based on written sources and archaeological research, the ship was carrying a valuable cargo including, for example, sugar, dyes, cloth, porcelain, wood and goods that the Russian nobility had ordered. Among them were paintings that the Russian Empress Catherine the Great (1729-1796) had bought at an auction in Amsterdam. Samples from four wooden barrels and from one wooden packing crate among the ship's cargo were investigated. Botanical analysis revealed products such as stimulants, dyes and fruits originating from the Mediterranean, India, Africa and South America. One of the most intriguing finds from the cargo was Indigofera tinctoria L. (true indigo), a valuable dye plant. Our paper presents the botanical data analysed from the barrels and summarizes the plants mentioned in the historical records on the cargo of the Vrouw Maria.Peer reviewe

    Exploring practices and perceptions of alcohol use during pregnancy in England and Sweden through a cross-cultural lens.

    Get PDF
    Background: Qualitative studies have aimed to understand why some women continue to drink during pregnancy; however, there is a lack of comparative cross-cultural research. We aimed to explore perceptions and practices of alcohol use during pregnancy in England and Sweden. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 parents in Merseyside, England and 22 parents in Örebro County, Sweden. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The majority of women in both countries abstained from alcohol when they found out they were pregnant, despite alcohol being part of many social contexts before pregnancy. Nine of the seventeen English women drank at some point during pregnancy, typically on special occasions. Most parents felt women should modify their alcohol intake when they become mothers, though several English parents argued that responsible motherhood did not necessarily equate to abstinence. Swedish parents held strong opinions against drinking during pregnancy and argued that any amount of alcohol could harm the foetus. English parents' opinions were divided; some were skeptical of whether low to moderate drinking was associated with risks. Conclusions: Practices and attitudes towards alcohol use during pregnancy and views on foetal rights and responsibilities of pregnant women differed in England and Sweden. Shared social norms around drinking may be shaped within the policy context of pregnancy drinking guidelines, determining whether women consume alcohol or not
    corecore