Bladder cancer cells secrete while normal bladder cells express but do not secrete AGR2.

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a cancer-associated secreted protein found predominantly in adenocarcinomas. Given its ubiquity in solid tumors, cancer-secreted AGR2 could be a useful biomarker in urine or blood for early detection. However, normal organs express and might also secrete AGR2, which would impact its utility as a cancer biomarker. Uniform AGR2 expression is found in the normal bladder urothelium. Little AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial cells as no measurable amounts could be detected in urine. The urinary proteomes of healthy people contain no listing for AGR2. Likewise, the blood proteomes of healthy people also contain no significant peptide counts for AGR2 suggesting little urothelial secretion into capillaries of the lamina propria. Expression of AGR2 is lost in urothelial carcinoma, with only 25% of primary tumors observed to retain AGR2 expression in a cohort of lymph node-positive cases. AGR2 is secreted by the urothelial carcinoma cells as urinary AGR2 was measured in the voided urine of 25% of the cases analyzed in a cohort of cancer vs. non-cancer patients. The fraction of AGR2-positive urine samples was consistent with the fraction of urothelial carcinoma that stained positive for AGR2. Since cancer cells secrete AGR2 while normal cells do not, its measurement in body fluids could be used to indicate tumor presence. Furthermore, AGR2 has also been found on the cell surface of cancer cells. Taken together, secretion and cell surface localization of AGR2 are characteristic of cancer, while expression of AGR2 by itself is not

Synthesis of instruction sets for pipelined microprocessors

We present a systematic approach to synthesize an instruction set such that the given application software can be efficiently mapped to a parameterized, pipelined microarchitecture. In addition, the assembly code is generated to show how the application can be compiled with the synthesized instruction set. The design of instruction sets is formulated as a modified scheduling problem. A binary tuple is proposed to model the semantics of instructions and integrate the instruction formation process into the scheduling process. A simulated annealing scheme is used to solve for the schedules. Experiments have shown that the approach is capable of synthesizing powerful instructions for modern pipelined microprocessors. The synthesis algorithm ran with reasonable time and a modest amount of memory for large benchmarks. 1

DESIGN OF MICROHYDRO DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TOOL BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC ALGORITHM

Based on Statistical review of energy 2008, it concludes that development country will consume more energy to increase their economic sectors. For example, china has spent 17.70% of energy, similar to America that consumed 20.40% of energy. Energy consuming still increase significantly by year and it will influence energy supply in certain countries although we know that energy nowadays still using fossil energy resources. Fossil energy resources are limited in the world reserves energy, and it will enforce us to use the energy in an efficient way. Micro-hydro is one form of Indonesia�s government regulation based on energy policies within the blueprint that suggests in 2005-2025, Indonesia should develop energy diversification in many sectors such as water resources. Micro-hydro power plants itself are one solution to provide electrical energy to the areas that are still isolated and have certain potential of water resources. However, in the design and construction of micro-hydro power plants, we needed a lot of consideration and intensive review of feasibility study according to the long term of Micro-hydro power plants development. UNDP and the Directorate General Electricity of Indonesia have made a study guide as a basis of Micro-hydro power plants development. Regarding to Indonesian cultural and social conditions, less of efficient and optimal feasibility studies, lack of information from the site planning are several obstacles that often faced in the development and designing of these micro-hydro power plants. This research produced a tool that can be a solution to help decision-makers in the development of Micro-hydro power plants under a sustainable development perspective. This tool also considerate several types of related factor and variables which contains sustainable development assessment such as Technical, Non-Technical, Social Economic, and Social environment. By using fuzzy logic algorithm to develop the tool in decision-making of micro hydro power plants, obtained good results where the results of the evaluation and review studies using the tool is about � 95%. Therefore, the tool can be a support system for the government, consultant, academics, and practitioners when design and evaluate micro-hydro power plants

COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton

We describe what we believe is the first instance of complete COVID-19 testing of all passengers and crew on an isolated cruise ship during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 217 passengers and crew on board, 128 tested positive for COVID-19 on reverse transcription–PCR (59%). Of the COVID-19-positive patients, 19% (24) were symptomatic; 6.2% (8) required medical evacuation; 3.1% (4) were intubated and ventilated; and the mortality was 0.8% (1). The majority of COVID-19-positive patients were asymptomatic (81%, 104 patients). We conclude that the prevalence of COVID-19 on affected cruise ships is likely to be significantly underestimated, and strategies are needed to assess and monitor all passengers to prevent community transmission after disembarkation.</jats:p

The Role of altered upper airway sensitivity in respiratory disease : evidence from human studies

The upper airway is intricately involved in airway protection guarding against aspiration of noxious solid and liquid materials. The larynx and pharynx are exquisitely sensitive to mechanical and chemical stimuli which trigger protective reflexes resulting in a number of behavioural elements designed to prevent aspiration including coughing, swallowing, vocal cord adduction and suppression of respiration. Depression or exaggeration of these reflexes result in clinical problems and recent improvement in methods designed to assess laryngopharyngeal sensation in humans has added greatly to our knowledge of these airway reflexes in both health and disease.13 page(s