Accessible Tourism in Russia: Recommendations for a Universal Design, Barrier-free Environment

Recently, barrier-free tourism has become increasingly important. The number of people with disabilities around the world is growing. Most of these people want and can travel. But not all countries and cities have a sufficiently adapted environment for comfortable movement. The purposes of this master’s thesis are to research accessible tourism in the cities of the Russian Federation, determine the problems that people with disabilities face in Russia during travel, understand how the lack of an available environment affects the desire to travel. The principles of universal design are also discussed in this work, and special attention is paid to how these principles should be followed in the tourism industry. In addition, define what changes will be the most effective in developing an accessible environment and will be able to lead to an increase in the number of disabled people as participants in tourism. This study is based on semi-structured interviews. The questions for the research have been prepared after an extensive analysis of the current state of the theory. The research was performed among people with disabilities who use wheelchairs or their caregivers. The experiences of twelve participants were evaluated. The analyses of the interviews identified several challenges that the participants were dealing with. These findings provided a clearer understanding of the problems currently being experienced by the study group. They also helped address a number of outstanding research questions. To sum up the findings of this research, the availability of an accessible environment is a crucial factor when choosing a holiday destination for people with disabilities and their caregivers. The developed accessible environment gives people with disabilities a sense of freedom, independence, and makes them equal members of society and motivates them to choose new places to travel. Thus, creating a barrier-free environment might play an important role in attracting new visitors and become a serious competitive advantage among tourism companies

Alignment in Gamma-Hadron Families of Cosmic Rays

Alignment of main fluxes of energy in a target plane is found in families of cosmic ray particles detected in deep lead X-ray chambers. The fraction of events with alignment is unexpectedly large for families with high energy and large number of hadrons. This can be considered as evidence for the existence of coplanar scattering of secondary particles in interaction of particles with superhigh energy, $E_0 > 10^{16}$ eV. Data analysis suggests that production of most aligned groups occurs low above the chamber and is characterized by a coplanar scattering and quasiscaling spectrum of secondaries in the fragmentation region. The most elaborated hypothesis for explanation of alignment is related to the quark-gluon string rupture. However, the problem of theoretical interpretation of our results still remains open.Comment: 15 pages, 2 tables, 6 figures (not included), Stanford University preprint SU-ITP-94-2

Symbolization as a way of art completion in the story by A. Eniki «Unvoiced testament»

© 2017, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved.On the material of the story of the Tatar prose writer A. Eniki (1909 - 2000) «Unvoiced testament» the principles and methods of symbolical generalization, characteristic of a creative method of the writer, based on interaction of the fable and psychological and liric-philosophical beginnings in the work, are defined. They rely not on the idea of the dual world, but on considering the modern for the writer reality as crisis stage of national history. There are established semantic structure of the most significant symbolical images in the story: «home», «steppe» and «the native land», their functions and the place in art system of the whole. Methods of symbolization of the main characters (Akebi, the poet) are characterized. The conclusion is drawn that the principles of symbolical typification enrich possibilities of the realistic image of reality, characterizing one of the most important tendencies of the national historical literary process

"Universal" and "unique" as the categories of comparative literature

In this article, a notion of interliterary dialogue as a form of interliterary process is brought into comparative literature. Literary dialogue differs fundamentally from contact ties and typological convergences. It is ascertained that dialogue is a field of interliterary relations which generates meaning and is hard to rationalize. Dialogue has such characteristics as multilayer structure; heterogeneity; diversity of intersubjective ties and their mutual influence; unity of what is discontinuous and continuous, or regional (national) and universal. The nature of interliterary dialogue opens up on the basis of Russian and Tatar literature of different historical periods (second half of the 19th century-first third of the 20 century). th Besides, the article detects the features of national identity and word art universals in the conditions of the dialogue between different cultures and literatures. © IDOSI Publications, 2014

“UNDERGROUND PERSON” BY I. ABUZYAROV: DIALOGUE WITH F.M. DOSTOYEVSKY

The aesthetic self-determination of ethnically non-Russian Russian writers occurs in dialogue with the traditions of Russian classics of the 19th century. For I. Abuzyarov, creating the works in the paradigms of different national and cultural traditions, the artistic discoveries by F.M. Dostoevsky are important.The concept of the work was influenced by the studies that substantiate the transcultural model of artistic development, the dialogical nature of verbal creativity, and the theory of intertextuality is developed. During the solution of the tasks set, system-structural and contexthermeneutic methods were used. It is established that the type of “underground” person in the work by I. Abuzyarov has kindred features with the paradoxicalist F.M. Dostoevsky. Undergroundness as an ontological situation, ideological and psychological space becomes the factor determining the process of identification and selfidentification of characters in I. Abuzyarov's prose. Like his predecessor, he uses the hero’s confessional introspection as the main means of revealing the “underground man” nature. The character is implemented not only in the plot, but also revealed as a subject, a carrier of a point of view. The problem of self-determination and selfawareness of the story subject is thematized and acts as the most important genreforming principle that determines the way of the main character image development. The obtained results are significant for understanding the artistic and aesthetic nature of literature that implements the phenomenon of the Russian-Tatar borderlands, as well as for determination the volume and content of “national literature” concept at the present stage

Avant-garde research in the field of verse forms (Based on i. yuzeev lyrics)

© 2016, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved. The article describes the structural and content features of a particular form of poetry, which consists in the creation of the Tatar poet I.Yuzeeva. This form of verse reflects the artistic and aesthetic avant-garde nature of the searches, typical for the Tatar poetry 1960-1980-ies. The role of repetitive thoughts row in the creation of compositional and stylistic rhythm in poems of the poet. It was established that mythopoetical language and the language of tropes, dating back to the folk poetry, undergo inner transformation, becoming more complex, individual and unpredictable. It defines the basic type of subjective situation inherent in the lyrics of the Tatar poet

Hardy and Fowles: on Problem of Perception of Victorian Tradition by Writer of 20th Century

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between postmodernism and classical literature. The question is considered on the example of works by the Victorian writer who anticipated many of the trends of development of the English literature of 20th century. The article focuses on the works by Thomas Hardy. He was one of the first in the English literature of the 19th century who began to reflect on about tradition, turned to nature and unconscious in man. It is shown that the Victorian writer has created a gallery of characters, whose personal dilemmas are quite existential. It is noted that in the English classical tradition John Fowles is particularly attracted by the “crisis” authors, including Hardy. Special attention is paid to the influence of “historical” Hardy on the life and work of Fowles. The author dwells on the main stages of Fowles’ meeting with the life and work of a Victorian writer. The question is raised about the presence of Hardy’s intertext in the novel “Daniel Martin” on the plot, motif, imagery and spatial-temporal levels. The author notes that intertextual dialogue with Hardy in the works of Fowles is a special manifestation of intersubjectivity. It is concluded that among all Victorian writers, Hardy was “his own” for Fowles, however, the author of the 20th century rejects the gloom and despair of the writer of the 19th century

Topos of Kazan in Russian Poetry of the Late XX — Early XXI Centuries: Features of Functioning and Poetics

The article deals with the issue related to the peculiarities of the functioning of the “Kazan text” in the works of R. Kutui, R. Bukharaev, E. Blinova and L. Gazizova. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of scientists in such types of discourse as supertext. The author proceeds from the fact that the poetics of artistic space is associated with the types of subjective-figurative structures that are formed in the poetry of poets. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the types of dialogical relations between lyrical subjects and the city are highlighted. It is shown that Kazan in the works of poets embodies the transpersonal and external in relation  to the main lyrical situation and its heroes. It is concluded that in the poetry of R. Kutui, a multifaceted image of the city is created, with which the lyrical hero establishes relations of unity and interpenetration. It is emphasized that in the works of R. Bukharaev, the attitude to his hometown is ambivalent and reflects the “fluidity”, the  variability of the “I” position. The results of a comparative analysis of the lyrics of E. Blinova and L. Gazizova are presented: Kazan in the works of E. Blinova is a generalized-typical image that objectifies the stages of the heroine’s biography; the urban world of L. Gazizova is extremely concrete and comprehended as an individual-personal space of life

John Fowles: Reflection on Method in Context of Radical Postmodernism (based on Essays Collections “Aristos,” “Wormholes,” Diaries and Interviews)

John Fowles’s artistic method is considered in the context of radical postmodernism on the material of collections of essays, diaries and interviews of the writer. Attention is paid to the category of the author in the works of Fowles as one of the most famous English writers of the 20th century. The principles of the text construction and Fowles’s attitude to the classical tradition, modern literature and art are characterized. In particular, it is shown that the writer does not accept many provisions of postmodernism. It is noted that the category of the author occupies a large place in the creative conception of the writer. Against the background of many contemporary writers Fowles rejects the idea of the “death of the author,” but rather in all his work he tries to establish the author’s responsibility to the reader, speaks of the principle of “responsible game.” It is noted that Fowles as a writer of the 20th century by this is close to the classical Victorian tradition. The author raises a question about the axiological component of the Fowles’s writer conception, by what he is also close to the Victorian tradition. Special attention is paid to Fowles’ reflections on contemporary art and literature. Referring to the reflections of the writer of the 20th century on this issue, the author comes to conclusion that the classical tradition is much closer to Fowles than postmodernism, which does not recognize any values and priorities