Note Concerning the Distribution Function of the Total Loss Excluding the Largest Individual Claims

The theory of extreme values is a special branch of mathematical statistics and was mainly treated by E. J. Gumbel [4]). This theory has only been applied in a few cases to problems in the insurance business. The first practical application to insurance known to the author of the present paper is due to A. Thépaut who has invented a new reinsurance system called ECOMOR [5]. According to this system the reinsurer covers the excess risk for the m largest claims and the ceding company retains an amount equal to the (m + I) largest claim. The credit for having pointed out the importance of the theory of extreme values belongs to R. E. Beard [1]. Recently E. Franckx [3] has found a most remarkable result by disclosing the general form of the distribution for the largest claim occurring in a certain accounting period. The present paper starts from the consideration that not only is the distribution of major claims, which might be eliminated by means of reinsurance, of interest to an insurer but also the distribution of the remaining total loss after excluding the largest claims. The nature of this distribution is important not only in connection with stability and security, but also for statistical investigations of the observed claim ratio. The credibility of such an investigation might be greatly improved if a suitable number of major claims were excluded. To simplify matters, the present paper considers the case where only the largest claim is exclude

Zur Interpretation von antiferromagnetischen Austauschwechselwirkungen in schwach gekoppelten Dimeren: Modellbeispiel H2

It is shown that the success of the one-electron interpretation of the exchange interaction of two ground state hydrogen atoms within the simple LCAO-model results from an almost perfect cancellation of two quite sizeable interelectronic repulsion terms. It is not known at the present time whether the full LCAO-treatment (with interelectronic repulsion terms included) is equally valid for other weakly coupled dimers and – if so – whether the same type of cancellation of interelectronic repulsion terms occurs in general

A Unified Theoretical Description of the Thermodynamical Properties of Spin Crossover with Magnetic Interactions

After the discovery of the phenomena of light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST), the functional properties of metal complexes have been studied intensively. Among them, cooperative phenomena involving low spin-high spin (spin-crossover) transition and magnetic ordering have attracted interests, and it has become necessary to formulate a unified description of both phenomena. In this work, we propose a model in which they can be treated simultaneously by extending the Wajnflasz-Pick model including a magnetic interaction. We found that this new model is equivalent to Blume-Emery-Griffiths (BEG) Hamiltonian with degenerate levels. This model provides a unified description of the thermodynamic properties associated with various types of systems, such as spin-crossover (SC) solids and Prussian blue analogues (PBA). Here, the high spin fraction and the magnetization are the order parameters describing the cooperative phenomena of the model. We present several typical temperature dependences of the order parameters and we determine the phase diagram of the system using the mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulations. We found that the magnetic interaction drives the SC transition leading to re-entrant magnetic and first-order SC transitions.Comment: 30pages, 11figure

Under-Subjective Knowledge, Compatibility, and the Impact on Adoption and Implementation of Technology

The purpose of the current study is to explore the impact of compatibility on the relationship between undersubjectiveknowledge, a concept we develop here in the context of technology adopt and implementation research,and technology adoption and implementation. To do so, we develop two versions of mobile systems for a controlledexperiment: 1) high compatible system and 2) low compatible system. The experiments are designed to test twohypotheses. Based on our hypotheses, we predict that compatibility may trigger a transformation from undersubjectiveknowledge to a condition of objective knowledge (and possibly, and less ideally, to a condition of oversubjectiveknowledge). Thus, the current study predicts that compatibility raise self-esteem or confidence andmitigates the negative effect of under-subjective knowledge on intention to adopt technology

An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing the Level of Vitality and Popularity of Open Source Projects

In this research, we ask the question: What differentiates successful from unsuccessful open source software projects? Using a sample of 240 open source projects, we examine how organizational sponsorship, target audience (developer versus end user), license choice, and development status interact over time to influence the extent to which open source software projects attract user attention and developer activity

Outer-Sphere Contributions to the Electronic Structure of Type Zero Copper Proteins

Bioinorganic canon states that active-site thiolate coordination promotes rapid electron transfer (ET) to and from type 1 copper proteins. In recent work, we have found that copper ET sites in proteins also can be constructed without thiolate ligation (called “type zero” sites). Here we report multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data together with density functional theory (DFT) and spectroscopy-oriented configuration interaction (SORCI) calculations for type zero Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin variants. Wild-type (type 1) and type zero copper centers experience virtually identical ligand fields. Moreover, O-donor covalency is enhanced in type zero centers relative that in the C112D (type 2) protein. At the same time, N-donor covalency is reduced in a similar fashion to type 1 centers. QM/MM and SORCI calculations show that the electronic structures of type zero and type 2 are intimately linked to the orientation and coordination mode of the carboxylate ligand, which in turn is influenced by outer-sphere hydrogen bonding

Crystal structure, Fermi surface calculations and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations spectrum of the organic metal θ\theta-(BETS)4_4HgBr4_4(C6_6H5_5Cl) at low temperature

The organic metal \theta$-(BETS)$_4$HgBr$_4$(C$_6$H$_5$Cl) is known to undergo a phase transition as the temperature is lowered down to about 240 K. X-ray data obtained at 200 K indicate a corresponding modification of the crystal structure, the symmetry of which is lowered from quadratic to monoclinic. In addition, two different types of cation layers are observed in the unit cell. The Fermi surface (FS), which can be regarded as a network of compensated electron and hole orbits according to band structure calculations at room temperature, turns to a set of two alternating linear chains of orbits at low temperature. The field and temperature dependence of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations spectrum have been studied up to 54 T. Eight frequencies are observed which, in any case, points to a FS much more complex than predicted by band structure calculations at room temperature, even though some of the observed Fourier components might be ascribed to magnetic breakdown or frequency mixing. The obtained spectrum could result from either an interaction between the FS's linked to each of the two cation layers or to an eventual additional phase transition in the temperature range below 200 K.Comment: accepted for publication in Solid State Science

Esports, Digital Professionals, and Higher Education: An Autoethnography of an Administrator’s Experience with Liminality

Professional identity is a means for continued livelihood and, in this digitizing world, is in constant flux. Constantly changing occupational roles and professional classes are liminal, that is, they are increasingly “betwixt and between” formerly legitimized, stable categories. If, as current writings on the future of work suggest, a need for liminality in work identities persists, how will institutions of higher education help their students acquire “permanent” liminality? Through the eyes of an administrator at a mid-sized higher education institution, we examine how a university creates a new learning environment under the umbrella of esports. The findings raise questions about digital transitions in higher education and about liminality and the future of work by highlighting esports as a liminal category. The study contributes to the literature on the future of work by offering insights into higher education challenges to “institutionalize” liminality and to prepare future digital professionals

An expanded cavity hexaamine cage for copper(II)

The crystal structure of the bicyclic hexaamine complex [Cu(fac-Me-5-tricosane-N-6)](ClO4)(2) center dot H2O (fac-Me-5-tricosane-N-6 = facial-1,5,9,13,20-pentamethyl-3,7,11,15,18,22-hexaazabicyclo[7.7.7] tricosane) at 100 K defines an apparently tetragonally compressed octahedral geometry, which is attributed to a combination of dynamic interconversion and static disorder between two tetragonally elongated structures sharing a common short axis. This structure is fluxional at 60 K and above as shown by EPR spectroscopy. Aqueous cyclic voltammetry reveals that a remarkably stable Cu-I form of the complex is stabilised by the encapsulating nature of the expanded cage ligand