A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 1 ? bromide solutions

International audienceReactive halogen species (X*=X˙, ˙X2?, X2 and HOX, where X=Br, Cl, or I) in seawater, sea-salt particles, and snowpacks play important roles in the chemistry of the marine boundary layer. Despite this, relatively little is known about the steady-state concentrations or kinetics of reactive halogens in these environmental samples. In part this is because there are few instruments or techniques that can be used to characterize aqueous reactive halogens. To better understand this chemistry, we have developed a chemical probe technique that can detect and quantify aqueous reactive bromine and chlorine species (Br*(aq) and Cl*(aq)). This technique is based on the reactions of short-lived X*(aq) species with allyl alcohol (CH2=CHCH2OH) to form stable 3-halo-1,2-propanediols that are analyzed by gas chromatography. Using this technique in conjunction with competition kinetics allows determination of the steady state concentrations of the aqueous reactive halogens and, in some cases, the rates of formation and lifetimes of X* in aqueous solutions. We report here the results of the method development for aqueous solutions containing only bromide (Br?)

A geometric method for eigenvalue problems with low rank perturbations

We consider the problem of finding the spectrum of an operator taking the form of a low-rank (rank one or two) non-normal perturbation of a well-understood operator, motivated by a number of problems of applied interest which take this form. We use the fact that the system is a low rank perturbation of a solved problem, together with a simple idea of classical differential geometry (the envelope of a family of curves) to completely analyze the spectrum. We use these techniques to analyze three problems of this form: a model of the oculomotor integrator due to Anastasio and Gad (2007), a continuum integrator model, and a nonlocal model of phase separation due to Rubinstein and Sternberg (1992)

On the nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter

We consider the nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter in the absence of Pauli blocking. It is evaluated using the partial-wave analysis of $NN$ scattering data. Our results are compared with that of a realistic calculation to estimate the effect of this blocking. It is also possible to use our results as a check on the realistic calculations.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Age-Related Impairment in Insulin Release The Essential Role of beta(2)-Adrenergic Receptor

In this study, we investigated the significance of β(2)-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) in age-related impaired insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. We characterized the metabolic phenotype of β(2)AR-null C57Bl/6N mice (β(2)AR(-/-)) by performing in vivo and ex vivo experiments. In vitro assays in cultured INS-1E β-cells were carried out in order to clarify the mechanism by which β(2)AR deficiency affects glucose metabolism. Adult β(2)AR(-/-) mice featured glucose intolerance, and pancreatic islets isolated from these animals displayed impaired glucose-induced insulin release, accompanied by reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), and GLUT2. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human β(2)AR rescued these defects. Consistent effects were evoked in vitro both upon β(2)AR knockdown and pharmacologic treatment. Interestingly, with aging, wild-type (β(2)AR(+/+)) littermates developed impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Moreover, islets from 20-month-old β(2)AR(+/+) mice exhibited reduced density of β(2)AR compared with those from younger animals, paralleled by decreased levels of PPARγ, PDX-1, and GLUT2. Overexpression of β(2)AR in aged mice rescued glucose intolerance and insulin release both in vivo and ex vivo, restoring PPARγ/PDX-1/GLUT2 levels. Our data indicate that reduced β(2)AR expression contributes to the age-related decline of glucose tolerance in mice

Microbiological, rheological and physical-chemical characteristics of bovine meat subjected to a prolonged ageing period

he aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a long ageing period on the microbiological, rheological and physical-chemical characteristics of bovine beef. For the trial n. 3 Marchigiana bovine breed (live weight of 760 kg approximately), slaughtered at 34 months were chosen and the loin muscles were undergone to a prolonged ageing process. The analytical determinations performed were: pH and aw values, texture profile analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force, colour (CIE L*a*b*), centesimal analysis, total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria monocytogenes, yeasts and moulds. The results indicate that extended ageing has a negative effect on weight loss but, by the means of the standardization of dry aging parameters, reduce lipid oxidation and improve tendernes

Covariant representations of the relativistic Brueckner T-matrix and the nuclear matter problem

We investigate nuclear matter properties in the relativistic Brueckner approach. The in-medium on-shell T-matrix is represented covariantly by five Lorentz invariant amplitudes from which we deduce directly the nucleon self-energy. We discuss the ambiguities of this approach and the failure of previously used covariant representations in reproducing the nucleon self-energies on the Hartree-Fock level. To enforce correct Hartree-Fock results we develop a subtraction scheme which treats the bare nucleon-nucleon potential exactly in accordance to the different types of meson exchanges. For the remaining ladder kernel, which contains the higher order correlations, we employ then two different covariant representations in order to study the uncertainty inherent in the approach. The nuclear matter bulk properties are only slightly sensitive on the explicit representation used for the kernel. However, we obtain new Coester lines for the various Bonn potentials which are shifted towards the empirical region of saturation. In addition the nuclear equation-of-state turns out to be significantly softer in the new approach.Comment: 39 pages Latex using Elsevier style, 16 PS figure

Momentum-Dependent Mean Field Based Upon the Dirac-Brueckner Approach for Nuclear Matter

A momentum-dependent mean field potential, suitable for application in the transport-model description of nucleus-nucleus collisions, is derived in a microscopic way. The derivation is based upon the Bonn meson-exchange model for the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the Dirac-Brueckner approach for nuclear matter. The properties of the microscopic mean field are examined and compared with phenomenological parametrizations which are commonly used in transport-model calculations.Comment: 15 pages text (RevTex) and 4 figures (postscript in a separate uuencoded file), UI-NTH-930

Hartree Fock Calculations in the Density Matrix Expansion Approach

The density matrix expansion is used to derive a local energy density functional for finite range interactions with a realistic meson exchange structure. Exchange contributions are treated in a local momentum approximation. A generalized Slater approximation is used for the density matrix where an effective local Fermi momentum is chosen such that the next to leading order off-diagonal term is canceled. Hartree-Fock equations are derived incorporating the momentum structure of the underlying finite range interaction. For applications a density dependent effective interaction is determined from a G-matrix which is renormalized such that the saturation properties of symmetric nuclear matter are reproduced. Intending applications to systems far off stability special attention is paid to the low density regime and asymmetric nuclear matter. Results are compared to predictions obtained from Skyrme interactions. The ground state properties of stable nuclei are well reproduced without further adjustments of parameters. The potential of the approach is further exemplified in calculations for A=100...140 tin isotopes. Rather extended neutron skins are found beyond 130Sn corresponding to solid layers of neutron matter surrounding a core of normal composition.Comment: Revtex, 29 pages including 14 eps figures, using epsfig.st

Meson-induced correlations of nucleons in nuclear Compton scattering

The non-resonant (seagull) contribution to the nuclear Compton amplitude at low energies is strongly influenced by nucleon correlations arising from meson exchange. We study this problem in a modified Fermi gas model, where nuclear correlation functions are obtained with the help of perturbation theory. The dependence of the mesonic seagull amplitude on the nuclear radius is investigated and the influence of a realistic nuclear density on this amplitude is dicussed. We found that different form factors appear for the static part (proportional to the enhancement constant $\kappa$) of the mesonic seagull amplitude and for the parts, which contain the contribution from electromagnetic polarizabilities.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, epsf.sty, 9 eps figures

Laboratory studies of bromide oxidation in the presence of ozone: Evidence for glass-surface mediated reaction

The reaction of sodium bromide particles in the presence of ozone was studied in a flow system both under dark conditions and with 254 nm radiation. We found that there was significant formation of gaseous bromine (probably Br2) in the presence of ozone in the dark, and that bromide deposited to the walls of the Pyrex reaction flask was its source. The observed rate of gaseous bromine formation in these experiments was approximately 100–1000 times faster than expected based on the knownrate constant for aqueous reaction of bromide with ozone. While the mechanism responsible for this enhanced reactivity was not identified, based on previous reports we suggest that the glass surface converted ozone to more reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical, which in turn oxidized bromide. In the presence of 254 nm radiation, rates of gaseous bromine collection were further enhanced, likely as a result of increased radical production in the system, and wall-deposited bromide was also the source of the gaseous bromine. In these `light' experiments, there was a significant decline in ozone mixing ratios, consistent with bromine radical chemistry. These results suggest the possibility that ozone reacting with internally mixed silicate/sea-salt particles might be a significant mechanism for the oxidation of particulate halides, and subsequent release of photoactive halogen species, in the marine boundary layer