Review on Recent Development and Application of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro Extraction

Dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction (DLLME) has become a very popular environmentally benign sample-preparation technique, due to its simplicity, rapidity of operation and low consumption of solvent and reagent. It has attracted much interest from scientist working in separation science and much improvement has been made since its introduction in 2006. It has been combined with different extraction techniques such as floating organic drop, solid-phase extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. This seminar has focused on the review on development of dispersive liquid micro extraction (DLLME) and its application in different samples, such as water, soil, food and biological material with different analytical techniques.DOI: 10.7176/CMR/11-3-02Publication date:March 31st 201

Girma Y. Getahun: Advanced Amharic Lexicon: a Supplement to Concise Amharic–English Dictionaries

Review 

Plant Tissue Nutrient Concentration and Major Soil Nutrients Influenced by NPSB Fertilizer Rates and Plant Population of Maize (Zea Mays L.) at Bako, Oromia National Regional State

Plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur are the nutrients frequently limit the yields of maize over the world. Nutrient recommendation should be based on the optimum yield and environmental save that can be through plant tissue analysis and soil test. This experiment was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center west region of Ethiopia Gobu Sayo using split plot desighn with three levels of plant population 53.333,66,666 and 76,923 plants per hectare on main plot and five level 0,100,150,200,250 kg/ha of NPSB fertilizer rates on sub-plots. Soil sample was taken from the plots pre-harvesting for composite sample and post-harvest from each plot and analyzed at Bako soil laboratory and Ethiopia water work design Addis Ababa for soil fertility management. Nutrient in plant tissue was analyzed at Holota Agricultural Research Center soil laboratory. Collected data was analyzed using Genstat computer statistical soft-ware package. The result of pre planting soil analysis showed soil of the study area was categorized as clay soil with medium and stable organic matter and low organic carbon and low total nitrogen that shows low soil fertility. The ANOVA result showed addition of fertilizer reduced soil pH from 5.7 to 5.47 and bellow. 150 kg/ha of NPSB which gave economically feasible yield 9460kg/ha moderately acidified the soil. This soil analysis result showed that the level at which fertilizer boost yield of maize. Only percent of phosphorus was changed due to plant population density. Plant tissue concentration at silking was significantly influenced by fertilizer rates. Potassium is at sufficiency range for all level of supplied fertilizer. Sufficient range nitrogen at silkin was recorded from the plot received 100-150 kg/ha which gave economically feasible yield. It is better to use fertilizer rate of 150kg/ha which shows sufficiency range for nutrient concentration of soil and plant tissue in leaf at silking stage. This finding is not the end for the area and further research should be carried out for feature. Keywords:plant tissue, soil, Zea mays L., Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, potassium DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-13-04 Publication date:July 31st 202

Review on Potential of Liming for Sustainable Management Some Selected Soil Chemical Properties and Crop Yield Improved in Tropical Soil

Acid soils of the tropical soil were greatly responsive to applications of lime fertilizer. Successive applications of lime drastically decreased exchangeable aluminum to the minimum level, and raised soil pH close to the optimum pH requirement of many cereals.  Other alternative materials include silicates of calcium or calcium and magnesium, wood ash and several industrial by-products such as slag that can produce modest amounts of other nutrients such as phosphorus and calcium. In order to produce a better crop yield on acid soils, farmers are recommended to apply alkaline materials such as lime (primarily calcium carbonate) to increase the soil pH and thus eliminate Al toxicity, and to apply P fertilizer to increase the bioavailable P in soil. The usual agricultural practice for most crops is to maintain a soil pH of 6.0-6.5 by the addition of lime, applied as calcium carbonate calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide. Traditionally, methods used to raise soil pH include; use of mulch from agro-forestry tree species, burning of sites to give ash and use of animal wastes although such materials are not available in the right amounts desired and in most cases, they are too bulky. However, in many developing countries, where semi subsistence agriculture prevails, the lack and/or high cost of lime prevent its use. Under such conditions, alternative means of managing soil acidity need to be developed. Research has shown that additions of green manures, FYM, and composts to acid soils can reduce Al toxicity and increase crop yields. So, government should either subsidize the lime or encourage more investors to produce lime in order to decrease the lime cost. The farmers’ practice like applying farmyard manure, compost and other organic wastes in backyard which can add organic matter to the soil should be appreciated and encouraged

Estimation of County-Level Diabetes Prevalence Using Bayesian Hierarchical Model

Because of budget constraints a survey has two major limitations when it comes to availing data on prevalence of diabetes in small areas as Counties. First, it is costly for a survey to cover all relevant areas. And second, a survey often comes short of taking large samples for adequate representations. Examining such limitations and shortcomings of a direct method of estimation which uses data from such surveys, this dissertation attempted to apply Bayesian Hierarchical Model of estimation to provide reliable data on prevalence of Diabetes in small areas (counties). In doing so a range of Bayesian Hierarchical models which provide reliable data on prevalence of diabetes for small areas as counties were explored. The Estimation Models used data of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS [1]) survey. In total the analysis examined survey data made on 1,497 counties (including the 644 counties in the CDC diabetes belts [2] in 16 states in the US. The statistical models used in this analysis are aimed at reducing estimation error of diabetes prevalence in direct estimation methods, so as to help an efficient policy formulation and budget allocation. In this regard we generated estimates on the prevalence of diabetes for 1,188 Counties having a complete set of information and another 295 which were not covered in BRFSS survey and among the 1188 Counties 824 Counties that have smaller sample size (Healthy people 2020 data suppression for BRFSS [3]). Unlike the direct method usually applied for such estimation the result in this analysis brought about statistical significance of the estimates in our study

Genetic analysis of earliness traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The latter part of the reproductive growth phase in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) often coincides with declining temperature and wet conditions in western Canada, in sharp contrast to many other growing environments. This exacerbates the indeterminate nature of the crop, leading to excessive canopy development, and subsequently resulting in delayed maturity. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine the genetic relationships of short internode, double podding and early flowering traits with earliness of crop maturity; ii) determine the genetic control of major earliness traits in chickpea; iii) assess the patterns of post-flowering dry matter accumulation and partitioning to reproductive parts as related to earliness. The results showed that double podding significantly reduced the number of days taken to maturity, under the conditions where this trait was sufficiently expressed. The best double podding genotypes, i.e. those with 15—35% of the podded nodes bearing double pods, were about one week earlier than their single podding counterparts and standard checks. A physiological study revealed that the double podding parental genotype 272-2 partitioned a relatively greater proportion (about 58%) of the total dry matter to pods compared to 42—54% in the single podding genotypes. Double podding increased the total number of pods set, and thus the increased demand for assimilates may have precluded further production of stems and leaves, resulting in an earlier transition of reproductive growth to physiological maturity. Days to flowering was positively associated with days to maturity, and partial path analysis revealed that days to flowering contributed to days to maturity indirectly via days to first pod maturity. Days to flowering explained 32% of the variation in days to first pod maturity. However, the short internode trait had an undesirable effect, in that all the short internode segregants were too late to mature. Genetic studies revealed that days to flowering was determined by two major genes plus polygenes in chickpea in the short-season temperate environment of western Canada. The two major genes control over 65% of the phenotypic variation. Also, the additive component of genetic variance was significant for days to first podding, days to first pod maturity, reproductive period, and days to maturity; which is desirable for development of superior inbred cultivars of chickpea. These key phenological traits are interrelated but could be manipulated separately in the breeding process. Additional gain in earliness of crop maturity may be achieved through combined selection for these traits

Number marking on nouns and adjectives of Sidaama

This paper aims to systematically analyze the formal marking of numbers on common nouns and adjectives of Sidaama, a Highland East Cushitic (HEC hereafter) language spoken in Ethiopia. There are three formal categories of number in Sidaama: basic form, singulative, and plurative. The basic form is a form of a noun that is not marked for number; a singulative denotes a single referent, and a plurative marks multiple referents. The singulative of nouns is usually marked either by -ʧ-o ~ -ʧʧ-o. There are also a few nouns that contain the formatives -ʃ-o, -ʧ-o, and -k-o as markers of the singulative. Such forms arose from the merging of the final consonant of the nominal root with the initial -ʧ of the singulative. Unlike nouns, singulative is marked only on a handful of adjectives. Five types of nominals and six types of adjectival pluratives are identified. All of them are suffixal, and two of them involve the copying of a root-final consonant. Sidaama has inherently singular nouns that usually denote humans and higher animals. In such nouns, their basic form marks a single referent. The language also contains inherently plural nouns that refer to a collective of entities or a group. Few nouns are transnumeral; in their basic form, they can refer to either a single entity or plural entities

Response of Yield and Yield Components of Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] to Optimum Rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate Application in Assosa Zone, Benishangul Gumuz Region

 አህፅርኦት ይህ የመስክ ላይ ሙከራ በቤንሻንጉል ጉሙዝ ክልል በአሶሳ ዞን በአሶሳና ባምባስ ወረዳ በአርሶ አደር ማሳዎች ላይ ሇሁሇት ተከታታይ ዓመታት (ከ2005 – 2006 ዓ.ም) የተከናወነ ሲሆን ዋና )ዓላማዉም የናይትሮጅንና የፎስፈረስ ማዳበሪያ ላይ ያላቸዉን ተጽዕኖ መገምገም ነበር፡፡ ይህንንም ሇማጥናት አምስት(5) የናይትሮጅን እና አራት(4) የፎስፈረስ ደረጃዎች ድብልቅ በአጠቃላይ ሀያ (20) ተጠኚዎችን በFactorial combination RCBD ዲዛይንና በሦስት ድግግምሽ ተሞክሯል፡፡ ዉጤቱ እንደሚያሳየዉ የጤፍ ዕድገትና ምርት በናይትሮጂንና በፎስፈረስ ማዳበሪያ መጠቀም አመርቂ ሇዉጥ አሳይቷል፡፡ በመሆኑም 46 ኪ.ግ ናይትሮጅን እና 10 ኪ.ግ ፎስፈረስ በሄክታር በመጠቀም 1681.1 ኪ.ግ የጤፍ ምርት በሄክታር ተገኝቷል፡፡ ይህ የማዳበሪያ መጠን ምንም ማዳበሪያ ካልተጨመረበት ጋር ሲነፃፀር በ137% የምርት ጭማሪን ያስገኛል፡፡ የዋጋ አዋጭነትን ስንመሇከትም ይህ የማዳበሪያ መጠን አዋጭ መሆኑን ያረጋግጣል፡፡ ስሇዚህም 46 ኪ.ግ ናይትሮጅን እና 10 ኪ.ግ ፎስፈረስ በሄክታር መጠቀም ከፍተኛ የሆነ ትርፍ ያሇዉና አዋጭ የማደበሪያ አጠቃቀም መሆኑ ተረጋግጧል፡፡ AbstractTef (Eragrostis tef) is one of most important food crops grown in Benishangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia and is produced in different agro-ecologies in the region. However, its productivity is constrained by a number of problems, of which soil nutrient is the most important one. Information on the response of tef to Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers in Assosa Zone is inadequate. Field experiments were conducted at two locations for two years (2012-2013) to investigate the response of tef to N and P fertilization. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92 N kg ha–1) and four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P ha–1) were studied in factorial combinations in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed substantial responses of tef to the main effect of N and P on days to heading and panicle length, the main effect of N on days to emergency, and the main effect of P on days to 90% physiological maturity. Nitrogen by P interaction effect was significant on plant height, straw and grain yield. Grain yield increased significantly from 708.6 to 1681.1 kg ha-1 with increase in the level of N and P from the control (0/0 N/P) to 46 kg N and 10 P kg ha-1. The magnitude of increase in grain yield due to application of 46 kg N along and 10 kg P ha -1 was 137 % higher as compared to the control. The partial budget analysis also indicates that applications of 46 kg N ha-1 and 10 kg P ha-1 are the most economical fertilizer rates to tef growers compared to the other levels in the study area

Vermiculture Technology Promotion Through on Farm Validation of Vermicompost in Asossa Zone of Western Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive cropping seasons (2020- 2021) on farmers’ fields in the Asossa  zone of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. The objective of this study was  to promote vermicompost or vermiculture technology on the farmer’s field. The treatments included three selected combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources, including NPS, NPS plus 100% N from vermicompost, and NPS plus 100% N from Urea.  The design was replicated over the farmer’s field. Results showed that from 2020 to 2021, the vermicompost technology was demonstrated on 15 farmers' fields with plot size 10mx10m planted with hot pepper, maize and sorghum crops. The results indicated that all crops treated with recommended NPS plus 100% N  from vermicompost performed better than NPS alone and NPS plus N from Urea. The application of recommended NPS plus 100% of N from vermicompost based on N equivalency was higher in grain yield of maize by 80.2% and 51.7% compared to the control N and application of recommended NPS plus 100% of N from inorganic fertilizers, respectively. Additionally, the application of recommended NPS plus 100% of N from vermicompost based on N equivalency was higher in grain yield of sorghum by 44.8% and 16.2% compared to the control N and application of recommended phosphorous plus 100% of  N from inorganic fertilizers, respectively. Therefore, it is better to scale out the vermicompost/vermiculture technology on wider areas of the same agroecologies of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State

Early maturity strategies in chickpea: pyramiding key genetic traits

Non-Peer ReviewedChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a highly indeterminate species which continues to grow and produce pods through fall, especially in cooler and wetter seasons. This exposes the crop to frost damage resulting in reduced yield and quality. We hypothesized that earliness could be induced through some strategic traits including double podding, reduced internode length and early flowering. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the individual and combined effects of these traits on earliness in chickpea. Four single crosses were made: two with the early flowering parent, and one each with the double podding and short internode length parents. Segregating populations of F2–F4 generations were evaluated along with their parents in greenhouse and field trials. Significant genetic variability was observed for days to maturity of lower pods and percent pod maturity at four months after planting. In general, each trait had some effect on earliness, though the magnitude differed, and combining them into a single genotype may help to achieve the desired earliness in chickpea. The F2 population from the multiple cross (gene pyramiding) showed a wide range in maturity. Several had nearly complete maturity of pods at four months after planting. These were more determinate types as judged by smaller increases in height between flowering and maturity stages and uniform maturity of pods